{"id":7165,"date":"2025-12-02T06:14:47","date_gmt":"2025-12-02T04:14:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/uk-uanaprochud-neschodavnye-priruchennja-kotiv-novij-pogljad-na\/"},"modified":"2025-12-02T06:14:47","modified_gmt":"2025-12-02T04:14:47","slug":"uk-uanaprochud-neschodavnye-priruchennja-kotiv-novij-pogljad-na","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/uk-uanaprochud-neschodavnye-priruchennja-kotiv-novij-pogljad-na\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u0159ekvapiv\u011b ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 domestikace ko\u010dek: Nov\u00fd pohled na historii ko\u010dek"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ko\u010dky s n\u00e1mi sd\u00edlej\u00ed na\u0161e domovy po tis\u00edce let, ale historie toho, <em>jak<\/em> byly domestikov\u00e1ny, je mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e se d\u0159\u00edve myslelo. Dv\u011b nov\u00e9 studie publikovan\u00e9 v \u010dasopisech <em>Science<\/em> a <em>Cell Genomics<\/em> ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee ko\u010dky se nezm\u011bnily od divok\u00fdch k l\u00e1skypln\u00fdm p\u0159es noc. M\u00edsto toho se proces odv\u00edjel postupn\u011b, s n\u011bkolika ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdmi pokusy a p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b pozdn\u00edm tlakem na skute\u010dnou domestikaci. <\/p>\n<h3>Pomal\u00fd rozvoj domestikace<\/h3>\n<p>Dlouho za\u017eit\u00fd p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee ko\u010dky byly domestikovan\u00e9 v ran\u00e9 historii lidstva, je zpochyb\u0148ov\u00e1n. Existuje jen m\u00e1lo archeologick\u00fdch d\u016fkaz\u016f o domestikaci ko\u010dek: ko\u010di\u010d\u00ed kosti jsou men\u0161\u00ed a m\u00e9n\u011b pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee p\u0159e\u017eij\u00ed vykop\u00e1vky ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s kostmi ze zv\u00ed\u0159at, kter\u00e1 se b\u011b\u017en\u011b konzumovala. Tento nedostatek donutil v\u011bdce spol\u00e9hat se na genetickou anal\u00fdzu, kter\u00e1 nyn\u00ed ukazuje, \u017ee \u010dasov\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko je mnohem krat\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e se o\u010dek\u00e1valo. <\/p>\n<p>Jedna studie se zam\u011b\u0159ila na ko\u010dky ve starov\u011bk\u00e9 \u010c\u00edn\u011b, kde bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee asijsk\u00e9 divok\u00e9 ko\u010dky koexistovaly s lidmi 3500 let <em>bez<\/em> \u00fapln\u00e9 domestikace. Jak poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 biolog Luo Shu-Jin, tyto divok\u00e9 ko\u010dky jsou \u201ejasn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 domestikace\u201c, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e navzdory dlouhodob\u00e9mu kontaktu z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed divok\u00e9 a nez\u00e1visl\u00e9. Svou roli mohly hr\u00e1t zm\u011bny klimatu a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 sni\u017euj\u00ed dostupnost potravin a br\u00e1n\u00ed jejich integraci do lidsk\u00fdch s\u00eddel. Skute\u010dn\u00e9 ko\u010dky dom\u00e1c\u00ed se objevily a\u017e na Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezce asi p\u0159ed 1400 lety, co\u017e nazna\u010duje sp\u00ed\u0161e pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edliv ne\u017e starov\u011bk\u00fd postupn\u00fd p\u0159echod. <\/p>\n<h3>P\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed p\u016fvodu v Evrop\u011b a severn\u00ed Africe<\/h3>\n<p>Paraleln\u00ed studie zkoumala star\u00e9 ko\u010di\u010d\u00ed poz\u016fstatky v Evrop\u011b a severn\u00ed Africe, co\u017e podpo\u0159ilo my\u0161lenku, \u017ee domestikace nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo\u010dar\u00fd proces. P\u0159edchoz\u00ed studie nazna\u010dovaly sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd p\u016fvod divok\u00fdch ko\u010dek ze St\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdchodu a Severn\u00ed Afriky u ran\u00fdch dom\u00e1c\u00edch ko\u010dek. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, nov\u00fd pohled na jadernou DNA tureck\u00fdch ko\u010dek poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed tis\u00edce let zp\u011bt odhalil n\u011bco p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9ho: tyto ko\u010dky byly <em>zcela<\/em> divok\u00e9. <\/p>\n<p>Tento n\u00e1lez ve spojen\u00ed s \u010d\u00ednskou studi\u00ed nazna\u010duje, \u017ee ko\u010dky nebyly pln\u011b integrov\u00e1ny do lidsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota a\u017e p\u0159ed 2000 lety. Ani tehdy nebyl proces absolutn\u00ed: jak poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 paleogenetik Claudio Ottoni, ko\u010dky si udr\u017eovaly nez\u00e1vislost, \u010dasto se k\u0159\u00ed\u017eily s m\u00edstn\u00ed divokou populac\u00ed. <\/p>\n<h3>Rychlost integrace Cat<\/h3>\n<p>Relativn\u011b ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 na\u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, jak rychle se ko\u010dky zabydlely v lidsk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Navzdory dlouh\u00e9 historii sou\u017eit\u00ed se zd\u00e1, \u017ee ke skute\u010dn\u00e9 domestikaci do\u0161lo b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika stolet\u00ed \u2013 mrknut\u00ed oka v evolu\u010dn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. <\/p>\n<p>Jak stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 ko\u010di\u010d\u00ed genetik Leslie Lyons: \u201eJen po tro\u0161k\u00e1ch otv\u00edraj\u00ed dve\u0159e, abychom m\u011bli p\u0159edstavu, jak se dostali tam, kde jsou.\u201c P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh domestikace ko\u010dek se st\u00e1le odv\u00edj\u00ed a tyto nov\u00e9 studie slou\u017e\u00ed jako p\u0159ipom\u00ednka toho, \u017ee na\u0161i ko\u010di\u010d\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00edci maj\u00ed s lidmi slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b ned\u00e1vnou historii, ne\u017e jsme kdy v\u011b\u0159ili.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ko\u010dky s n\u00e1mi sd\u00edlej\u00ed na\u0161e domovy po tis\u00edce let, ale historie toho, jak byly domestikov\u00e1ny, je mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e se d\u0159\u00edve myslelo. Dv\u011b nov\u00e9 studie publikovan\u00e9 v \u010dasopisech Science a Cell Genomics ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee ko\u010dky se nezm\u011bnily od divok\u00fdch k l\u00e1skypln\u00fdm p\u0159es noc. M\u00edsto toho se proces odv\u00edjel postupn\u011b, s n\u011bkolika ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdmi pokusy [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7164,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7165"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7165"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7165\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7164"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7165"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7165"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7165"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}