{"id":7171,"date":"2025-12-02T06:18:09","date_gmt":"2025-12-02T04:18:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/uk-uarimski-legioni-nespodivani-pioneri-yevropejskih-domashnih-kotiv\/"},"modified":"2025-12-02T06:18:09","modified_gmt":"2025-12-02T04:18:09","slug":"uk-uarimski-legioni-nespodivani-pioneri-yevropejskih-domashnih-kotiv","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/uk-uarimski-legioni-nespodivani-pioneri-yevropejskih-domashnih-kotiv\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 legie: Neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u00ed pr\u016fkopn\u00edci evropsk\u00fdch ko\u010dek dom\u00e1c\u00edch"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o tom, jak se dom\u00e1c\u00ed ko\u010dky roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily po Evrop\u011b, nebyl takov\u00fd, jak\u00fd si mnoz\u00ed p\u0159edstavovali. Po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed archeologov\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee ran\u00ed farm\u00e1\u0159i p\u0159ivezli ko\u010dky z Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu p\u0159ed tis\u00edci lety. Nov\u00fd genetick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum v\u0161ak odhalil p\u0159ekvapivou pravdu: dom\u00e1c\u00ed ko\u010dky se do Evropy dostaly teprve asi p\u0159ed 2000 lety, z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti d\u00edky \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b.<\/strong> <\/p>\n

Kontroverzn\u00ed p\u016fvod domestikace ko\u010dek<\/h3>\n

Historie vztahu mezi ko\u010dkami a lidmi je m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00edmo\u010dar\u00e1 ne\u017e historie ps\u016f. Zat\u00edmco psi byli domestikov\u00e1ni ji\u017e p\u0159ed 20 000 lety, \u010dasov\u00fd r\u00e1mec pro domestikaci ko\u010dek je v\u00e1gn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. D\u016fkazy nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee prvn\u00ed kontakt za\u010dal v Levant\u011b (dne\u0161n\u00ed St\u0159edn\u00ed v\u00fdchod) asi p\u0159ed 9 500 lety, co\u017e se \u010dasov\u011b shodovalo s rozvojem zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Farm\u00e1\u0159i v\u00edtali divok\u00e9 ko\u010dky, proto\u017ee ovl\u00e1dali hlodavce p\u0159itahovan\u00e9 k z\u00e1sob\u00e1m obil\u00ed, co\u017e bylo vz\u00e1jemn\u011b v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nakonec vedlo k domestikaci. Ran\u00e9 poz\u016fstatky ko\u010dek z Kypru poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z roku 7500 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, co\u017e ukazuje, \u017ee ji\u017e byly integrov\u00e1ny do ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota. <\/p>\n

Staroegyptsk\u00e1 ko\u010di\u010d\u00ed posedlost<\/h3>\n

Starov\u011bk\u00fd Egypt d\u00e1le upevnil m\u00edsto ko\u010dek v lidsk\u00e9 kultu\u0159e asi p\u0159ed 3 500 lety. Na rozd\u00edl od d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, m\u00e9n\u011b dolo\u017een\u00fdch obdob\u00ed, egyptsk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost ko\u010dky zbo\u017e\u0148ovala, zobrazovala je v um\u011bn\u00ed a se ct\u00ed je poh\u0159b\u00edvala. Bastet, ko\u010di\u010d\u00ed bohyn\u011b ochrany a plodnosti, byla \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed postavou jejich n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Genetick\u00e1 h\u00e1danka<\/h3>\n

P\u0159edchoz\u00ed studie poukazovaly na \u010dasnou migraci z Turecka a Egypta, ale testov\u00e1n\u00ed DNA se uk\u00e1zalo jako nespolehliv\u00e9. Rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed kost\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edch ko\u010dek a divok\u00fdch exempl\u00e1\u0159\u016f bylo obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9, co\u017e vytvo\u0159ilo mezery v historick\u00e9m z\u00e1znamu. Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 studie publikovan\u00e1 v \u010dasopise Science<\/em> v\u0161ak analyzovala genomy 70 starov\u011bk\u00fdch ko\u010dek a 17 modern\u00edch divok\u00fdch jedinc\u016f za obdob\u00ed 11 000 let. <\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 spojen\u00ed<\/h3>\n

V\u00fdsledky byly jasn\u00e9: modern\u00ed ko\u010dky se do Evropy dostaly a\u017e asi p\u0159ed 2000 lety.<\/strong> To vylu\u010duje neolitick\u00e9 farm\u00e1\u0159e jako hlavn\u00ed p\u0159ena\u0161e\u010de. M\u00edsto toho genetick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy poukazuj\u00ed na \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 voj\u00e1ky jako na kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 hr\u00e1\u010de v ko\u010di\u010d\u00ed expanzi. Stejn\u011b jako p\u0159ed nimi farm\u00e1\u0159i, voj\u00e1ci pou\u017e\u00edvali ko\u010dky k huben\u00ed hlodavc\u016f a \u0161\u00ed\u0159ili je po vojensk\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch. V 1. stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu se ko\u010dky dokonce dostaly do \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie. <\/p>\n

K\u0159\u00ed\u017eenci divok\u00fdch ko\u010dek a ostrovn\u00ed populace<\/h3>\n

Studie tak\u00e9 uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee ran\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9 ko\u010dky nebyly \u010dist\u011b dom\u00e1c\u00ed ko\u010dky. \u010casto \u0161lo o k\u0159\u00ed\u017eence mezi ko\u010dkami dom\u00e1c\u00edmi a evropsk\u00fdmi divok\u00fdmi ko\u010dkami. Sardinsk\u00e9 divok\u00e9 ko\u010dky jsou nav\u00edc geneticky bl\u00ed\u017ee severoafrick\u00fdm divok\u00fdm ko\u010dk\u00e1m ne\u017e dom\u00e1c\u00edm plemen\u016fm, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee lid\u00e9 \u00famysln\u011b zavedli divok\u00e9 ko\u010dky na st\u0159edozemn\u00ed ostrovy, kde se p\u016fvodn\u011b nenach\u00e1zely. <\/p>\n

Projekt FELIX a budouc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum<\/h3>\n

Tento v\u00fdzkum je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed projektu FELIX, v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed iniciativy financovan\u00e9 EU, jej\u00edm\u017e c\u00edlem je analyzovat 800 vzork\u016f star\u00fdch ko\u010dek za \u00fa\u010delem lep\u0161\u00edho pochopen\u00ed vztahu mezi ko\u010dkami a lidmi. Evolu\u010dn\u00ed biolog Jonathan Losos poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee \u201eko\u010dky se nerady vzd\u00e1vaj\u00ed sv\u00fdch tajemstv\u00ed\u201c, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zd\u016fraz\u0148uje obt\u00ed\u017enost odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed jejich historie. K vypln\u011bn\u00ed zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch mezer je nutn\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed anal\u00fdza starov\u011bk\u00e9 DNA. <\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011brem, \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da necht\u011bn\u011b sehr\u00e1la hlavn\u00ed roli v roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edch ko\u010dek po Evrop\u011b, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vyvr\u00e1tila p\u0159edchoz\u00ed spekulace o jejich p\u0159\u00edchodu. Tento objev ukazuje, jak lidsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost, dokonce i v\u00e1lka, m\u016f\u017ee zm\u011bnit distribuci druh\u016f v pr\u016fb\u011bhu tis\u00edc\u016f let.<\/strong> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o tom, jak se dom\u00e1c\u00ed ko\u010dky roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily po Evrop\u011b, nebyl takov\u00fd, jak\u00fd si mnoz\u00ed p\u0159edstavovali. Po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed archeologov\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee ran\u00ed farm\u00e1\u0159i p\u0159ivezli ko\u010dky z Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu p\u0159ed tis\u00edci lety. Nov\u00fd genetick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum v\u0161ak odhalil p\u0159ekvapivou pravdu: dom\u00e1c\u00ed ko\u010dky se do Evropy dostaly teprve asi p\u0159ed 2000 lety, z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti d\u00edky \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7170,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7171"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7171"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7171\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7170"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7171"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7171"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7171"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}