{"id":7217,"date":"2025-12-22T22:58:45","date_gmt":"2025-12-22T20:58:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/uk-uajak-tvarini-perezhivajut-zimu-vid-cherepah-scho-dihajut-spinoju\/"},"modified":"2025-12-22T22:58:45","modified_gmt":"2025-12-22T20:58:45","slug":"uk-uajak-tvarini-perezhivajut-zimu-vid-cherepah-scho-dihajut-spinoju","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/uk-uajak-tvarini-perezhivajut-zimu-vid-cherepah-scho-dihajut-spinoju\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak zv\u00ed\u0159ata p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed zimu: Od \u017eelv d\u00fdchaj\u00edc\u00edch zezadu po zmrzl\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1by"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u0159i\u0161la zima, kter\u00e1 s sebou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed teploty a krat\u0161\u00ed dny. Zat\u00edmco lid\u00e9 spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na vrstvy oble\u010den\u00ed, topen\u00ed a vnit\u0159n\u00ed pohodl\u00ed, aby p\u0159e\u017eili sez\u00f3nu, zv\u00ed\u0159ata pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159ekvapivou \u0161k\u00e1lu strategi\u00ed, jak se vyrovnat s drsn\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami. Od zimn\u00edho sp\u00e1nku a\u017e po \u00fapln\u00e9 zmrznut\u00ed, zde je n\u00e1vod, jak n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed chlad. <\/p>\n

Um\u011bn\u00ed zpomalit: Hibernace a otup\u011blost<\/h3>\n

Mnoho plaz\u016f a oboj\u017eiveln\u00edk\u016f vstupuje do stavu zvan\u00e9ho torpor<\/strong>, co\u017e je m\u00e9n\u011b intenzivn\u00ed forma hibernace. Na rozd\u00edl od savc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159es zimu sp\u00ed a spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na tukov\u00e9 z\u00e1soby, se zv\u00ed\u0159ata ve stavu strnulosti pravideln\u011b probouzej\u00ed, aby uspokojila z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pot\u0159eby, jako je pit\u00ed. Jak vysv\u011btluje Karen McDonald ze Smithsonian Institution’s Environmental Research Center, je to \u201ejako si d\u00e1t dlouh\u00fd \u0161lof\u00edk, probudit se, kdy\u017e je tepleji, j\u00edt na z\u00e1chod a zase sp\u00e1t\u201c. <\/p>\n

Tento rozd\u00edl je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd, proto\u017ee zd\u016fraz\u0148uje rozmanitost mechanism\u016f p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed v \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i. Hibernace je hlub\u0161\u00ed vypnut\u00ed; topor je pomal\u00e1 existence, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje zv\u00ed\u0159at\u016fm \u0161et\u0159it energii bez \u00fapln\u00e9ho zastaven\u00ed \u010dinnosti. <\/p>\n

Totally Frozen: Forest Frog Extreme Strategy<\/h3>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed adaptaci na chlad do extr\u00e9m\u016f. \u017d\u00e1by lesn\u00ed, p\u016fvodem z Nov\u00e9 Anglie a St\u0159edoz\u00e1padu, v zim\u011b \u00fapln\u011b zmrznou<\/strong>. Jejich srde\u010dn\u00ed tep, d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed a mozkov\u00e1 \u010dinnost se na m\u011bs\u00edce zastav\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Nejde jen o udr\u017eitelnost; to je konkuren\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdhoda. \u010casn\u00e9 jarn\u00ed rozmrazov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e1v\u00e1 lesn\u00edm \u017e\u00e1b\u00e1m p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost p\u0159edb\u011bhnout ostatn\u00ed druhy \u017eab z\u00e1visl\u00fdch na pomaleji se rozmrazuj\u00edc\u00edch jezerech v rychle se otepluj\u00edc\u00edch rybn\u00edc\u00edch a za\u010d\u00edt se rozmno\u017eovat a kl\u00e1st vaj\u00ed\u010dka. <\/p>\n

Odolnost ope\u0159en\u00fdch: Pt\u00e1ci z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed na m\u00edst\u011b<\/h3>\n

Ne v\u0161ichni pt\u00e1ci migruj\u00ed. Kardin\u00e1lov\u00e9, chickadees a holubice se vyrovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed s chladem pe\u010dlivou \u00fadr\u017ebou pe\u0159\u00ed. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed p\u011bstuj\u00ed nov\u00e9 pe\u0159\u00ed pro lep\u0161\u00ed izolaci; jin\u00ed si na\u010dechraj\u00ed pe\u0159\u00ed, aby zadr\u017eeli vzduch. Sebeo\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed s kokcyge\u00e1ln\u00edm olejem je vod\u011bodoln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di sn\u011bhu a ledu. <\/p>\n

Dopln\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f o dob\u0159e udr\u017eovan\u00e1 krm\u00edtka m\u016f\u017ee t\u011bmto pt\u00e1k\u016fm tak\u00e9 pomoci p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edce. <\/p>\n

Podvodn\u00ed hibernace: Krabi a \u00fast\u0159ice<\/h3>\n

Mod\u0159\u00ed krabi v Chesapeake Bay se zavrt\u00e1vaj\u00ed do bahna a zpomaluj\u00ed sv\u016fj metabolismus, dokud teplota vody nedos\u00e1hne asi 50 \u00b0F. I kdy\u017e nejde o \u00faplnou hibernaci, tato ne\u010dinnost jim umo\u017e\u0148uje \u0161et\u0159it energii b\u011bhem zimy. <\/p>\n

\u00dast\u0159ice, kter\u00e9 jsou nezbytn\u00e9 pro filtrov\u00e1n\u00ed vody a jejich ochranu p\u0159ed bou\u0159emi, tak\u00e9 hibernuj\u00ed a spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na z\u00e1soby glykogenu nahromad\u011bn\u00e9 b\u011bhem teplej\u0161\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. V l\u00e9t\u011b dok\u00e1\u017eou p\u0159efiltrovat a\u017e 50 galon\u016f vody za den, \u010d\u00edm\u017e poskytuj\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1soby energie na p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed zimy. <\/p>\n

Neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9: \u017delvy d\u00fdchaj\u00ed zadky<\/h3>\n

Snad nejneobvyklej\u0161\u00ed strategie pat\u0159\u00ed \u017eelv\u00e1m. Sladkovodn\u00ed a \u010derven\u00e9 \u017eelvy p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pod vodou d\u00edky d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed kloakou<\/strong>, co\u017e je otvor pro odpad a reprodukci. Tento proces, naz\u00fdvan\u00fd kloak\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed, umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdm\u011bnu plyn\u016f i p\u0159i zmrazen\u00ed pod ledem. <\/p>\n

Tato adaptace ilustruje, jak mohou zv\u00ed\u0159ata prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm evoluce p\u0159ekonat zd\u00e1nliv\u011b nep\u0159ekonateln\u00e9 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky. To, co se lidem zd\u00e1 divn\u00e9, je nezbytn\u00e9 pro p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed v extr\u00e9mn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. <\/p>\n

Zv\u00ed\u0159ata p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed zimu zp\u016fsoby, kter\u00e9 jsou \u010dasto podivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e si mysl\u00edme. Od sp\u00edc\u00edch plaz\u016f po \u017eelvy d\u00fdchaj\u00edc\u00ed zezadu, jejich strategie demonstruj\u00ed neuv\u011b\u0159itelnou p\u0159izp\u016fsobivost \u017eivota tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 drsn\u00fdm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u0159i\u0161la zima, kter\u00e1 s sebou p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed teploty a krat\u0161\u00ed dny. Zat\u00edmco lid\u00e9 spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na vrstvy oble\u010den\u00ed, topen\u00ed a vnit\u0159n\u00ed pohodl\u00ed, aby p\u0159e\u017eili sez\u00f3nu, zv\u00ed\u0159ata pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159ekvapivou \u0161k\u00e1lu strategi\u00ed, jak se vyrovnat s drsn\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami. Od zimn\u00edho sp\u00e1nku a\u017e po \u00fapln\u00e9 zmrznut\u00ed, zde je n\u00e1vod, jak n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed chlad. Um\u011bn\u00ed zpomalit: Hibernace a otup\u011blost […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7216,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"wpm_language_slugs":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7217"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7217"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7217\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7216"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7217"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7217"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7217"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}