Vesm\u00edrn\u00fd dalekohled Jamese Webba (JWST) ji\u017e splnil sv\u016fj slib o revoluci v astronomii, ale i jeho tv\u016frci byli p\u0159ekvapeni opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se anom\u00e1li\u00ed: drobn\u00e9, jasn\u011b \u010derven\u00e9 te\u010dky, kter\u00e9 se objevuj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 na ka\u017ed\u00e9m sn\u00edmku z hlubok\u00e9 oblohy. Tyto objekty, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 \u201eLittle Red Dots\u201c (LRD), se staly jednou z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1had modern\u00ed kosmologie a nut\u00ed v\u011bdce, aby p\u0159ehodnotili na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed prvn\u00ed miliardy let vesm\u00edru. <\/p>\n
Kdy\u017e byly v roce 2022 zve\u0159ejn\u011bny prvn\u00ed sn\u00edmky JWST, astronomov\u00e9 o\u010dek\u00e1vali, \u017ee uvid\u00ed obvykl\u00e9 jasn\u00e9 mlhoviny a vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 galaxie. M\u00edsto toho na\u0161li konzistentn\u00ed vzor kompaktn\u00edch, jasn\u011b \u010derven\u00fdch te\u010dek rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdch po cel\u00e9m vesm\u00edru. Tyto LRD vznikly asi 600 milion\u016f let po velk\u00e9m t\u0159esku, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee jejich sv\u011btlo k n\u00e1m dopad\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 po cel\u00fd v\u011bk vesm\u00edru. Je zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed, \u017ee po 1,5 miliard\u011b let prakticky zmizely. <\/p>\n
Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 prevalence LRD okam\u017eit\u011b vyvolala ot\u00e1zky. Pro\u010d byly tyto objekty v ran\u00e9m vesm\u00edru tak b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 a pot\u00e9 zd\u00e1nliv\u011b zmizely? Co by mohlo vytvo\u0159it tak v\u00fdrazn\u00fd \u010derven\u00fd podpis? Odpov\u011b\u010f, stejn\u011b jako u mnoha v\u011bc\u00ed v kosmologii, nen\u00ed zdaleka jednoduch\u00e1. <\/p>\n
Po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy se to\u010dily kolem zn\u00e1m\u00fdch struktur: kompaktn\u00edch galaxi\u00ed obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch supermasivn\u00ed \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry, prachov\u00fdch hv\u011bzdn\u00fdch erupc\u00ed v rychl\u00e9m formov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo dokonce d\u0159\u00edve nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho cyklu \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br. Pokud by LRD byly skute\u010dn\u011b \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry, jejich pouh\u00fd po\u010det by zpochybnil existuj\u00edc\u00ed modely toho, jak se tito gravita\u010dn\u00ed ob\u0159i formuj\u00ed a rostou v ran\u00e9m vesm\u00edru. <\/p>\n
Jak se v\u0161ak nashrom\u00e1\u017edilo v\u00edce dat, tato vysv\u011btlen\u00ed za\u010dala m\u00edt trhliny. LRD byly p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mal\u00e9 na to, aby obsahovaly miliardy hv\u011bzd, ale p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 hust\u00e9 na to, aby byly pouh\u00fdmi galaxiemi. Jejich spektra postr\u00e1daj\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1vanou rentgenovou emisi charakteristickou pro \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry a jejich rychl\u00e1 rotace se vymyk\u00e1 konven\u010dn\u00ed fyzice. <\/p>\n
V roce 2024 za\u010dala b\u00fdt aktivn\u011b podporov\u00e1na nov\u00e1, radik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed teorie: LRD by mohly p\u0159edstavovat z\u00e1sadn\u011b novou t\u0159\u00eddu vesm\u00edrn\u00fdch objekt\u016f. Fyzici p\u0159ehodnotili koncept, kter\u00fd se objevil p\u0159ed dv\u011bma desetilet\u00edmi: \u201ekvazi-hv\u011bzdy\u201c, hypotetick\u00e9 struktury zrozen\u00e9 z kolabuj\u00edc\u00edch mra\u010den plynu sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed hv\u011bzdy. <\/p>\n
My\u0161lenka je tato: hust\u00fd oblak plynu se zhrout\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo do \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry obklopen\u00e9 slupkou hork\u00e9ho plynu. Tato struktura vyza\u0159uje intenzivn\u00ed infra\u010derven\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, co\u017e vysv\u011btluje \u010dervenou barvu. Tyto \u201e\u010dern\u00e9 hv\u011bzdy\u201c by nebyly skute\u010dn\u00fdmi hv\u011bzdami v tradi\u010dn\u00edm smyslu, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e hybridn\u00ed entitou poh\u00e1n\u011bnou centr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dernou d\u00edrou. <\/p>\n
N\u00e1sledky jsou obrovsk\u00e9. Pokud jsou LRD skute\u010dn\u011b kvazihv\u011bzdy, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed tvorby \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br je ne\u00fapln\u00e9. Ran\u00fd vesm\u00edr mohl b\u00fdt oset masivn\u00edmi \u010dern\u00fdmi d\u00edrami mnohem efektivn\u011bji, ne\u017e se d\u0159\u00edve myslelo. <\/p>\n
Tyto objekty mohou tak\u00e9 vysv\u011btlovat, jak supermasivn\u00ed \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry rostly tak rychle v ran\u00e9m vesm\u00edru \u2013 co\u017e je dlouhodob\u00e1 h\u00e1danka pro astrofyziky. Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 modely se sna\u017e\u00ed vysv\u011btlit existenci tak masivn\u00edch \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br tak brzy po velk\u00e9m t\u0159esku. Objev LRD nazna\u010duje alternativn\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edm\u011bj\u0161\u00ed cestu pro jejich tvorbu. <\/p>\n
Koncem roku 2025 debata pokra\u010duje. Astronomov\u00e9 sp\u011bchaj\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017edit dal\u0161\u00ed data, vylep\u0161it sv\u00e9 modely a nakonec ur\u010dit povahu LRD. Nov\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich jsou d\u00e1le, ne\u017e se p\u016fvodn\u011b myslelo, a \u017ee Bulmerova diskontinuita, kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd spektr\u00e1ln\u00ed podpis, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt produkov\u00e1na jin\u00fdmi mechanismy. <\/p>\n
Jedna ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 studie vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed program RUBIES JWST analyzovala v\u00edce ne\u017e 4 500 vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch galaxi\u00ed a na\u0161la asi 40 LRD. Jeden objekt, p\u0159ezd\u00edvan\u00fd \u201eThe Cliff\u201c, vykazoval obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ostrou Bulmerovu diskontinuitu, co\u017e nazna\u010duje neobvykl\u00fd zdroj energie. <\/p>\n
Z\u00e1hada mal\u00fdch \u010derven\u00fdch te\u010dek nen\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b zdaleka vy\u0159e\u0161ena, ale v\u00fdzkum roz\u0161i\u0159uje hranice na\u0161eho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed. A\u0165 u\u017e p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed novou t\u0159\u00eddu objekt\u016f poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch \u010dern\u00fdmi d\u00edrami, exotick\u00fdmi hv\u011bzdn\u00fdmi formacemi nebo kombinac\u00ed oboj\u00edho, LRD nut\u00ed astronomy p\u0159ehodnotit nejran\u011bj\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1ze kosmick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje. Vesm\u00edr op\u011bt prok\u00e1zal svou schopnost p\u0159ekvapit a p\u0159ipomn\u011bl n\u00e1m, \u017ee nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed objevy \u010dasto poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z nejneo\u010dek\u00e1van\u011bj\u0161\u00edch m\u00edst.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Vesm\u00edrn\u00fd dalekohled Jamese Webba (JWST) ji\u017e splnil sv\u016fj slib o revoluci v astronomii, ale i jeho tv\u016frci byli p\u0159ekvapeni opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se anom\u00e1li\u00ed: drobn\u00e9, jasn\u011b \u010derven\u00e9 te\u010dky, kter\u00e9 se objevuj\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 na ka\u017ed\u00e9m sn\u00edmku z hlubok\u00e9 oblohy. Tyto objekty, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 \u201eLittle Red Dots\u201c (LRD), se staly jednou z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1had modern\u00ed kosmologie a nut\u00ed v\u011bdce, aby […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7413,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7414"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7414"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7414\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7413"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7414"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7414"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7414"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}