Kvantov\u00e1 mechanika, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed k\u00e1men modern\u00ed fyziky, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 hluboce paradoxn\u00ed navzdory desetilet\u00edm experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch d\u016fkaz\u016f. Teorie p\u0159esn\u011b p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1 chov\u00e1n\u00ed hmoty na nejmen\u0161\u00edch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtc\u00edch, ale popisuje realitu, kter\u00e1 je v rozporu s na\u0161\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00ed zku\u0161enost\u00ed. \u010c\u00e1stice existuj\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b ve v\u00edce stavech, dokud nejsou pozorov\u00e1ny, a vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 atomy jsou nevysv\u011btliteln\u011b spojeny v jevu, kter\u00fd Einstein nazval \u201estra\u0161ideln\u00fdm p\u016fsoben\u00edm na d\u00e1lku\u201c. <\/p>\n
Fyzici se po v\u00edce ne\u017e stolet\u00ed pokou\u0161eli interpretovat tyto anom\u00e1lie a diskutovali o tom, zda maj\u00ed na mysli v\u00edce vesm\u00edr\u016f, fyziku z\u00e1vislou na v\u011bdom\u00ed nebo jin\u00e9 radik\u00e1ln\u00ed mo\u017enosti. Nyn\u00ed nov\u00fd argument nazna\u010duje, \u017ee \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed mohlo b\u00fdt po celou dobu k dispozici. <\/p>\n
Fyzik Antonio Valentini ve sv\u00e9 knize Beyond Quantum Mechanics tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee Louis de Broglie, nositel Nobelovy ceny, navrhl ve 20. letech 20. stolet\u00ed r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd tyto paradoxy eliminuje. Zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako teorie pilotn\u00edch vln, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1stice jsou vedeny spodn\u00edmi vlnami, kter\u00e9 v\u017edy zauj\u00edmaj\u00ed jednu konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed pozici. Zd\u00e1nliv\u00e1 nejistota vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z chov\u00e1n\u00ed vlny, nikoli z \u010d\u00e1stice samotn\u00e9. T\u00edm odpad\u00e1 nutnost, aby pozorovatel \u201eskl\u00e1dal\u201c realitu do jedin\u00e9ho stavu. <\/p>\n
Navzdory experiment\u00e1ln\u00edmu ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed de Broglieho vlno-\u010d\u00e1sticov\u00e9 duality byly jeho \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed my\u0161lenky fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed komunitou odm\u00edtnuty nebo zkresleny. Valentini zasv\u011btil svou kari\u00e9ru prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to opom\u00edjen\u00e9 teorie a tvrdil, \u017ee nab\u00edz\u00ed koherentn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed kvantov\u00e9 reality. <\/p>\n
Debata o interpretaci kvantov\u00e9 mechaniky je v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch v\u011bdy jedine\u010dn\u00e1, tvrd\u00ed Valentini. Na rozd\u00edl od minul\u00fdch konflikt\u016f, kde byly protich\u016fdn\u00e9 n\u00e1zory rychle vy\u0159e\u0161eny, kvantov\u00e9 paradoxy p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed des\u00edtky let. Kresl\u00ed paralely se st\u0159edov\u011bkou kosmologi\u00ed, kde se na pozemsk\u00e9 a nebesk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed pohl\u00ed\u017eelo tak, \u017ee se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00fdmi z\u00e1kony. Podobn\u011b se makroskopick\u00fd sv\u011bt jev\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00fd od kvantov\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, co\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed mezeru v na\u0161em ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed. <\/p>\n
Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger, tv\u016frce vlnov\u00e9 rovnice kvantov\u00e9 mechaniky, necht\u011bn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bl ke zmatku vylou\u010den\u00edm \u010d\u00e1stic ze sv\u00e9ho modelu. To vedlo k \u201eprobl\u00e9mu m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed\u201c \u2013 ot\u00e1zce, pro\u010d pozorujeme jednu polohu \u010d\u00e1stice, kdy\u017e rovnice nazna\u010duje mnoho mo\u017enost\u00ed. Valentini poukazuje na dopis Wolfganga Pauliho z roku 1927 Nielsi Bohrovi, ve kter\u00e9m Pauli kritizoval Schr\u00f6dingera za \u201ezru\u0161en\u00ed hmotn\u00fdch bod\u016f\u201c a ignorov\u00e1n\u00ed de Broglieho \u00fapln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed struktury. <\/p>\n
Valentini nazna\u010duje, \u017ee \u0159ada faktor\u016f vedla k tomu, \u017ee de Broglieho pr\u00e1ce byla ignorov\u00e1na. Jeho teorie z roku 1923 byla radik\u00e1ln\u00edm odklonem od newtonovsk\u00e9 a dokonce einsteinovsk\u00e9 fyziky, ale mnoho fyzik\u016f se do n\u00ed nepono\u0159ilo, ne\u017e aby poznali vlnovou povahu hmoty. De Broglieho izolovan\u00e1 pozice ve Francii, kde teoretick\u00e1 fyzika zaost\u00e1vala za experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed prac\u00ed, mohla je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce br\u00e1nit p\u0159ijet\u00ed jeho my\u0161lenek. <\/p>\n
Valentini s\u00e1m popisuje svou snahu o teorii pilotn\u00edch vln jako bolestn\u011b osam\u011blou cestu. Poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee mnoho fyzik\u016f jako by uv\u00edzlo v opakov\u00e1n\u00ed stejn\u00fdch chybn\u00fdch argument\u016f a historick\u00fdch myln\u00fdch p\u0159edstav. Navzdory obt\u00ed\u017e\u00edm z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 optimistou a nazna\u010duje, \u017ee teorie pilotn\u00edch vln by mohla b\u00fdt p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00fdm modelem jako ran\u00fd model plyn\u016f Ludwiga Boltzmanna \u2013 ne\u00fapln\u00fd, ale st\u00e1le obsahuje v\u00fdznamnou pravdu. <\/p>\n
Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce ukazuje, \u017ee teorie pilotn\u00edch vln m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt testovateln\u00e9 p\u0159edpov\u011bdi. Anom\u00e1lie v kosmick\u00e9m mikrovlnn\u00e9m pozad\u00ed (CMB), dosvit Velk\u00e9ho t\u0159esku, jsou kvalitativn\u011b v souladu s teoretick\u00fdmi p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010fmi. P\u0159esto\u017ee jsou sou\u010dasn\u00e1 data p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 hlu\u010dn\u00e1 na to, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 vyvodit definitivn\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bry, Valentini v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy by mohly tento model potvrdit nebo vyvr\u00e1tit v pr\u016fb\u011bhu p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed dek\u00e1dy. <\/p>\n
Nakonec, zda je teorie pilotn\u00edch vln spr\u00e1vn\u00e1, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 otev\u0159enou ot\u00e1zkou. Ale Valentiniho pr\u00e1ce zd\u016fraz\u0148uje zapomenutou kapitolu v historii fyziky a vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 mo\u017enost, \u017ee \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed kvantov\u00fdch paradox\u016f bylo p\u0159ed stolet\u00edm p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eeno.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kvantov\u00e1 mechanika, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed k\u00e1men modern\u00ed fyziky, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 hluboce paradoxn\u00ed navzdory desetilet\u00edm experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch d\u016fkaz\u016f. Teorie p\u0159esn\u011b p\u0159edpov\u00edd\u00e1 chov\u00e1n\u00ed hmoty na nejmen\u0161\u00edch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtc\u00edch, ale popisuje realitu, kter\u00e1 je v rozporu s na\u0161\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00ed zku\u0161enost\u00ed. \u010c\u00e1stice existuj\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b ve v\u00edce stavech, dokud nejsou pozorov\u00e1ny, a vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 atomy jsou nevysv\u011btliteln\u011b spojeny v jevu, kter\u00fd Einstein nazval \u201estra\u0161ideln\u00fdm p\u016fsoben\u00edm na […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7509,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7510"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7510"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7510\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7509"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7510"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7510"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7510"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}