Na konci 19. a za\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed se v americk\u00e9m vnitrozem\u00ed rozvinul neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fd experiment: miniaturn\u00ed m\u011bsta a st\u00e1ty \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 v\u00fdhradn\u011b d\u011btmi. Jednalo se o Juniorsk\u00e9 republiky, radik\u00e1ln\u00ed pokus v\u0161t\u00edpit demokratick\u00e9 principy mezi p\u0159ist\u011bhovaleckou ml\u00e1de\u017e v dob\u011b, kdy byly velk\u00e9 obavy z asimilace a spole\u010densk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du. Dnes tyto zapomenut\u00e9 osady nab\u00edzej\u00ed fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u016fzkum ml\u00e1de\u017enick\u00e9 agentury, praktick\u00e9ho vl\u00e1dnut\u00ed a trval\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi svobodou a kontrolou. <\/p>\n
P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 Williamem Georgem, newyorsk\u00fdm obchodn\u00edkem, kter\u00fd v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee nov\u011b p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed imigranti nech\u00e1pou z\u00e1klady demokratick\u00fdch proces\u016f. Nam\u00edsto p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek pro dosp\u011bl\u00e9 se rozhodl vytvo\u0159it pro d\u011bti praktick\u00e9 u\u010debn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed: samospr\u00e1vnou spole\u010dnost, kde by si demokracii vyzkou\u0161ely na vlastn\u00ed k\u016f\u017ei. V roce 1895 p\u0159evezl 150 d\u011bt\u00ed z nejchud\u0161\u00edch oblast\u00ed New Yorku do Freeville v New Yorku a dal jim \u00fastavu. \u0158\u00eddili by sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed miniaturn\u00ed st\u00e1t s volbami, z\u00e1kony a funguj\u00edc\u00ed ekonomikou. <\/p>\n
V\u00fdsledky byly \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9. Navzdory chaosu, kter\u00fd mohl George o\u010dek\u00e1vat, d\u011bti p\u0159ijaly experiment s mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fdm nad\u0161en\u00edm. U\u010dili se na zkou\u0161ky ve st\u00e1tn\u00ed slu\u017eb\u011b, aby se stali policisty, v\u00e1\u0161niv\u011b diskutovali o politick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch a dokonce se zast\u00e1vali progresivn\u00edch my\u0161lenek, jako je volebn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo \u017een, co\u017e je koncept, kter\u00fd George zpo\u010d\u00e1tku odm\u00edtal, ale pot\u00e9, co vid\u011bl odsouzen\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed, nakonec p\u0159ijal. <\/p>\n
To, co za\u010dalo jako jednor\u00e1zov\u00fd experiment, rychle p\u0159erostlo v n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hnut\u00ed. Po cel\u00e9 zemi vznikaly juniorsk\u00e9 republiky, kter\u00e9 ovlivnily \u0161koly, chlapeck\u00e9 kluby a komunitn\u00ed centra. Koncept byl revolu\u010dn\u00ed: umo\u017enit mlad\u00fdm lidem, aby si sami vl\u00e1dli, podporovat ob\u010danskou anga\u017eovanost a demonstrovat, \u017ee demokratick\u00fdm princip\u016fm se lze nau\u010dit prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm zku\u0161enost\u00ed, nejen \u0161kolen\u00edm. <\/p>\n
Pod povrchem zmocn\u011bn\u00ed se v\u0161ak skr\u00fdvala jemn\u00e1 kontrola. Republiky nebyly spravov\u00e1ny zcela svobodn\u011b. Odbory byly zak\u00e1z\u00e1ny a socialistick\u00e9 ideologie nebyly podporov\u00e1ny. C\u00edlem nebyla \u010dist\u00e1 demokracie, ale pe\u010dliv\u011b vybran\u00e1 verze navr\u017een\u00e1 tak, aby v\u0161t\u011bpovala ur\u010dit\u00e9 hodnoty. To vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 kritickou ot\u00e1zku: kolik svobody je skute\u010dn\u011b d\u00e1no, kdy\u017e je samotn\u00fd z\u00e1klad p\u0159edem ur\u010den? <\/p>\n
Odkaz Juniorsk\u00fdch republik rezonuje v modern\u00edch vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch postupech. Restorativn\u00ed justice, soudy pro mladistv\u00e9 a modely \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed veden\u00e9 studenty maj\u00ed jedno spole\u010dn\u00e9: d\u00e1t mlad\u00fdm lidem mo\u017enost vyj\u00e1d\u0159it se k utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed jejich komunity. Mikro\u0161koly se sv\u00fdm d\u016frazem na flexibilitu a kolaborativn\u00ed design odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed ducha experimentov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd existoval v ran\u00fdch republik\u00e1ch. <\/p>\n
Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1. Modern\u00ed \u0161koly st\u00e1le funguj\u00ed ve vysoce strukturovan\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech, kter\u00e9 \u010dasto up\u0159ednost\u0148uj\u00ed kontrolu p\u0159ed skute\u010dnou svobodou jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. My\u0161lenka \u00fapln\u00e9ho p\u0159enesen\u00ed pravomoc\u00ed na studenty \u2013 nechat je diktovat u\u010debn\u00ed osnovy, discipl\u00ednu nebo dokonce z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pravidla \u2013 z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry nemysliteln\u00e1. <\/p>\n
Juniorsk\u00e9 republiky byly anom\u00e1li\u00ed: kr\u00e1tk\u00fd, odv\u00e1\u017en\u00fd experiment v radik\u00e1ln\u00edm pos\u00edlen\u00ed postaven\u00ed ml\u00e1de\u017ee. Dok\u00e1zali, \u017ee d\u011bti jsou schopn\u00e9 samospr\u00e1vy, ale tak\u00e9 to, \u017ee i ty nejprogresivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed iniciativy mohou b\u00fdt formov\u00e1ny skryt\u00fdmi programy. Skute\u010dnou lekc\u00ed nen\u00ed jen to, jak u\u010dit demokracii, ale jak vyv\u00e1\u017eit svobodu s kontrolou a zda skute\u010dn\u00e1 svoboda v\u016fbec m\u016f\u017ee existovat v p\u0159edem ur\u010den\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu. Zapomenut\u00e1 m\u011bsta d\u011btstv\u00ed n\u00e1m jasn\u011b p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed, \u017ee nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed experimenty jsou \u010dasto ty, kter\u00e9 se neodva\u017eujeme opakovat.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Na konci 19. a za\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed se v americk\u00e9m vnitrozem\u00ed rozvinul neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fd experiment: miniaturn\u00ed m\u011bsta a st\u00e1ty \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 v\u00fdhradn\u011b d\u011btmi. Jednalo se o Juniorsk\u00e9 republiky, radik\u00e1ln\u00ed pokus v\u0161t\u00edpit demokratick\u00e9 principy mezi p\u0159ist\u011bhovaleckou ml\u00e1de\u017e v dob\u011b, kdy byly velk\u00e9 obavy z asimilace a spole\u010densk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du. Dnes tyto zapomenut\u00e9 osady nab\u00edzej\u00ed fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u016fzkum ml\u00e1de\u017enick\u00e9 agentury, praktick\u00e9ho […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7511,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7512"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7512"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7512\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7511"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7512"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7512"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7512"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}