Po desetilet\u00ed bylo hled\u00e1n\u00ed \u201egenu jazyka\u201c jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00edce vzru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f v evolu\u010dn\u00ed biologii. Zat\u00edmco prvn\u00ed objevy nazna\u010dovaly, \u017ee tajemstv\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di m\u016f\u017ee spo\u010d\u00edvat v jedin\u00e9m genetick\u00e9m kl\u00ed\u010di, nov\u00fd v\u00fdzkum ukazuje, \u017ee z\u00e1klad na\u0161\u00ed schopnosti komunikovat je mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 a mnohem star\u0161\u00ed \u2013 ne\u017e se d\u0159\u00edve myslelo. <\/p>\n
V roce 2001 v\u011bdci identifikovali mutaci v genu FOXP2<\/strong> jako hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch poruch \u0159e\u010di. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b byl tento objev pova\u017eov\u00e1n za monument\u00e1ln\u00ed a mnoz\u00ed v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee FOXP2 byl jedin\u00fdm hnac\u00edm motorem evoluce lidsk\u00e9ho jazyka. <\/p>\n Jak se v\u0161ak na\u0161e znalosti o genetice roz\u0161i\u0159ovaly, teorie \u201ejednoho genu\u201c ztratila svou d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost. V\u011bdci zjistili, \u017ee FOXP2 nep\u016fsob\u00ed samostatn\u011b. M\u00edsto toho nov\u00fd v\u00fdzkum veden\u00fd profesorem Jacobem Michaelsonem z University of Iowa nazna\u010duje, \u017ee jazykov\u00e9 schopnosti jsou \u0159\u00edzeny slo\u017eitou s\u00edt\u00ed genetick\u00fdch regul\u00e1tor\u016f, kter\u00e9 pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b existovaly dlouho p\u0159ed vznikem modern\u00edch lid\u00ed. <\/p>\n Tato nov\u00e1 studie publikovan\u00e1 v \u010dasopise Science Advances<\/em> se zam\u011b\u0159uje na HAQER (Human Ancestor Quickly Evolved Regions)<\/strong> \u2013 oblasti genomu d\u00e1vn\u00fdch lidsk\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 se rychle vyv\u00edjely. <\/p>\n Abychom pochopili, co je HAQER, je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 odklonit se od my\u0161len\u00ed o genech jako o \u201epl\u00e1nech\u201c a m\u00edsto toho o nich uva\u017eovat jako o \u0159\u00eddic\u00edm syst\u00e9mu: P\u0159esto\u017ee HAQER tvo\u0159\u00ed pouze asi 0,1 % na\u0161\u00ed DNA<\/strong>, maj\u00ed ne\u00fam\u011brn\u011b velk\u00fd dopad. Studie zjistila, \u017ee variabilita v t\u011bchto starov\u011bk\u00fdch oblastech je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm faktorem pro vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, pro\u010d se lid\u00e9 li\u0161\u00ed ve sv\u00fdch jazykov\u00fdch schopnostech. <\/p>\n K otestov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed pou\u017eil v\u00fdzkumn\u00fd t\u00fdm rozs\u00e1hl\u00fd soubor dat a zkoumal: V\u00fdsledky byly konzistentn\u00ed: variace v t\u011bchto starov\u011bk\u00fdch HAQER m\u00edstech vysoce korelovala s \u00farovn\u00ed jazykov\u00fdch dovednost\u00ed osoby. <\/p>\n Objev, \u017ee tyto regula\u010dn\u00ed oblasti jsou \u201estarov\u011bk\u00e9\u201c, m\u00e1 hlubok\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 evoluce. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee se HAQERov\u00e9 vyvinuli p\u0159ed divergenci modern\u00edch lid\u00ed a neandrt\u00e1lc\u016f, studie nazna\u010duje, \u017ee na\u0161i vyhynul\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vlastnili biologick\u00fd apar\u00e1t<\/strong> nezbytn\u00fd pro komplexn\u00ed komunikaci. <\/p>\n Evolu\u010dn\u00ed biologov\u00e9 v\u0161ak nab\u00e1daj\u00ed k opatrnosti p\u0159i posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9 povahy neandrt\u00e1lsk\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di. Mark Pagel, profesor evolu\u010dn\u00ed biologie na univerzit\u011b v Readingu, poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee a\u010dkoli jsou tyto sekvence u modern\u00edch lid\u00ed spojeny s jazykem, mohly se p\u016fvodn\u011b vyvinout proto, aby podporovaly rychlou expanzi hominidn\u00edho mozku<\/strong>, sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e specificky pro \u0159e\u010d. <\/p>\n Tento v\u00fdzkum posouv\u00e1 zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed od jedin\u00e9ho \u201ejazykov\u00e9ho genu\u201c na kolektivn\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00fd regula\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m. Nazna\u010duje, \u017ee na\u0161e schopnost komunikovat nen\u00ed ned\u00e1vn\u00fdm lidsk\u00fdm vyn\u00e1lezem, ale hluboce zako\u0159en\u011bnou biologickou vlastnost\u00ed, optimalizovanou v pr\u016fb\u011bhu milion\u016f let evoluce. <\/p>\n Na\u0161e schopnost komunikovat nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodnou mutac\u00ed, ale v\u00fdsledkem vysoce komplexn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, vypilovan\u00e9ho miliony let v\u00fdvoje.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Po desetilet\u00ed bylo hled\u00e1n\u00ed \u201egenu jazyka\u201c jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00edce vzru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edch \u00fakol\u016f v evolu\u010dn\u00ed biologii. Zat\u00edmco prvn\u00ed objevy nazna\u010dovaly, \u017ee tajemstv\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di m\u016f\u017ee spo\u010d\u00edvat v jedin\u00e9m genetick\u00e9m kl\u00ed\u010di, nov\u00fd v\u00fdzkum ukazuje, \u017ee z\u00e1klad na\u0161\u00ed schopnosti komunikovat je mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u2013 a mnohem star\u0161\u00ed \u2013 ne\u017e se d\u0159\u00edve myslelo. Za \u201egenem jazyka\u201c V roce 2001 v\u011bdci […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7687,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7688"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7688"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7688\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7687"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7688"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7688"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7688"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}“Regul\u00e1tory” genomu<\/h3>\n
\n– Geny (\u201eruce\u201c):<\/strong> Proteiny produkovan\u00e9 geny, jako je FOXP2, funguj\u00ed jako \u201eruce\u201c, kter\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed \u00fakoly v bu\u0148ce.
\n– HAQER (\u201eregul\u00e1tory\u201c):<\/strong> Toto nejsou samotn\u00e9 geny, ale regula\u010dn\u00ed oblasti genomu. Funguj\u00ed jako \u201eovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed hlasitosti\u201c nebo \u201ep\u0159ep\u00edna\u010de\u201c, dola\u010fuj\u00ed jak<\/em>, kdy<\/em> a do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry<\/em> jsou ur\u010dit\u00e9 geny exprimov\u00e1ny. <\/p>\nSledov\u00e1n\u00ed jazyka nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi<\/h3>\n
\n1. Trendy:<\/strong> Analyzovali genomy 350 \u017e\u00e1k\u016f z\u00e1kladn\u00edch \u0161kol a sledovali v\u00fdsledky jazykov\u00fdch test\u016f od mate\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161koly a\u017e po \u010dtvrtou t\u0159\u00eddu.
\n2. \u00dadaje v m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku:<\/strong> Tyto v\u00fdsledky byly porovn\u00e1ny s \u00fadaji od v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 000 lid\u00ed z Biobanky Spojen\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a projektu v\u00fdzkumu autismu SPARK. <\/p>\nMluvili neandrt\u00e1lci?<\/h3>\n
Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h3>\n
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