Klasifikace Pluta se op\u011bt stala politick\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem, ale debata vypov\u00edd\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e o byrokratick\u00fdch intrik\u00e1ch ne\u017e o astronomii. Administr\u00e1tor NASA Jared Isaacman ned\u00e1vno sv\u011bd\u010dil p\u0159ed americk\u00fdm sen\u00e1tn\u00edm v\u00fdborem pro p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed prost\u0159edk\u016f, kde vyj\u00e1d\u0159il podporu pro obnoven\u00ed planet\u00e1rn\u00edho statusu Pluta. Isaacman citoval v\u011bdeck\u00e9 zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed i n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hrdost a poznamenal, \u017ee Clyde Tombaugh, kter\u00fd objevil Pluto v roce 1930, poch\u00e1zel z Kansasu, st\u00e1tu reprezentovan\u00e9ho sen\u00e1torem Jerrym Moranem, kter\u00fd tuto ot\u00e1zku polo\u017eil. <\/p>\n
\n“Ur\u010dit\u011b jsem v t\u00e1bo\u0159e, kter\u00fd si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee by se Pluto m\u011blo znovu st\u00e1t planetou.”
\n– Administr\u00e1tor NASA Jared Isaacman<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\nZat\u00edmco Isaacmanovo stanovisko zd\u016fraz\u0148uje touhu ocenit historick\u00fd objev, NASA nem\u00e1 pravomoc p\u0159epsat status planet<\/strong>. Toto pr\u00e1vo m\u00e1 Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed astronomick\u00e1 unie (IAU), kter\u00e1 ofici\u00e1ln\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eila hodnocen\u00ed Pluta na \u201etrpasli\u010d\u00ed planetu\u201c v roce 2006. V\u011bdeck\u00e1 komunita v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 rozd\u011blena nejen v ot\u00e1zce Pluta, ale tak\u00e9 v samotn\u00e9 definici toho, co planeta je. <\/p>\n
Nejednozna\u010dn\u00e1 definice planety<\/h3>\n
Podle sou\u010dasn\u00e9 definice IAU mus\u00ed nebesk\u00e9 t\u011bleso spl\u0148ovat t\u0159i krit\u00e9ria:
\n1. Ob\u00edh\u00e1 kolem Slunce.
\n2. M\u00e1 dostate\u010dnou hmotnost, aby zaujal t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 kulov\u00fd tvar (hydrostatick\u00e1 rovnov\u00e1ha).
\n3. \u201eVy\u010distilo okol\u00ed\u201c kolem sv\u00e9 ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy. <\/p>\nPrvn\u00ed dv\u011b krit\u00e9ria jsou pom\u011brn\u011b snadno pochopiteln\u00e1. T\u0159et\u00ed je v\u011bdecky v\u00e1gn\u00ed a prakticky nepou\u017eiteln\u00fd. Koncept \u201e\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed\u201c znamen\u00e1, \u017ee planeta by m\u011bla gravita\u010dn\u011b dominovat sv\u00e9mu orbit\u00e1ln\u00edmu prostoru, vyhazovat nebo absorbovat men\u0161\u00ed \u00falomky. Tato norma v\u0161ak nen\u00ed d\u016fsledn\u011b uplat\u0148ov\u00e1na. <\/p>\n
Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 studie zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e1 v Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society<\/em> odhalila z\u00e1sadn\u00ed nedostatek: Merkur nemus\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u011b spl\u0148ovat toto krit\u00e9rium<\/strong>. Astronomov\u00e9 zjistili, \u017ee slune\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b efekt JORP, odstra\u0148uje trosky z ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy Merkuru rychleji ne\u017e jeho vlastn\u00ed gravitace. Pokud je \u201esousedstv\u00ed\u201c vy\u010di\u0161t\u011bno Sluncem, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 Merkur planetou? P\u0159i striktn\u00edm v\u00fdkladu pravidel IAU je jej\u00ed status sporn\u00fd. <\/p>\n
P\u0159\u00edroda se br\u00e1n\u00ed rigidn\u00edm kategori\u00edm<\/h3>\n
J\u00e1drem probl\u00e9mu nen\u00ed, zda si Pluto zaslou\u017e\u00ed planet\u00e1rn\u00ed status, ale zda jsou v astronomii u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 definice. P\u0159\u00edroda operuje se spektry, nikoli bin\u00e1rn\u00edmi kategoriemi. Objekty ve slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b existuj\u00ed na kontinuu velikosti, slo\u017een\u00ed a orbit\u00e1ln\u00ed dynamiky. <\/p>\n
\n
- Pluto<\/strong> sd\u00edl\u00ed charakteristiky planet i velk\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. <\/li>\n
- Mercury<\/strong> neprojde testem \u201evy\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed sousedstv\u00ed\u201c pod p\u0159\u00edsnou fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdzou. <\/li>\n
- M\u011bs\u00edce<\/strong> jako Jupiter\u016fv Ganymedes jsou v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e Merkur, ale jsou vylou\u010deny ze seznamu planet, proto\u017ee ob\u00edhaj\u00ed kolem planety sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo kolem Slunce. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Pokusy nakreslit jasn\u00e9 hranice v takov\u00e9m tekut\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu vedou k libovoln\u00fdm v\u00fdjimk\u00e1m. Sama IAU to uznala t\u00edm, \u017ee uvedla osm planet podle jm\u00e9na, sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e aby se spol\u00e9hala pouze na definici, \u010d\u00edm\u017e fakticky obe\u0161la logiku sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed. <\/p>\n
\u0160patn\u011b um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 priority<\/h3>\n
Obnoven\u00fd z\u00e1jem o status Pluta se shoduje s v\u00e1\u017enou kriz\u00ed ve financov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdy ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. NASA \u010del\u00ed navrhovan\u00fdm \u0161krt\u016fm v rozpo\u010dtu celkem o 23 %<\/strong>, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e financov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu hroz\u00ed poklesem o 47 %<\/strong>. Tyto \u0161krty by mohly v\u00e9st ke zru\u0161en\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch mis\u00ed, co\u017e by v\u00e1\u017en\u011b ovlivnilo na\u0161i schopnost zkoumat slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavu a vesm\u00edr za n\u00ed. <\/p>\n
Spory o s\u00e9mantick\u00e9 definice na pozad\u00ed destrukce v\u011bdeck\u00e9 infrastruktury jsou kontraproduktivn\u00ed. Energii vynalo\u017eenou na politick\u00e9 man\u00e9vrov\u00e1n\u00ed kolem terminologie by bylo l\u00e9pe vynalo\u017eit na poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed financ\u00ed na skute\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum<\/strong>. To, zda se Pluto naz\u00fdv\u00e1 planetou nebo trpasli\u010d\u00ed planetou, nem\u011bn\u00ed jeho fyzickou realitu ani v\u011bdeckou hodnotu. <\/p>\n
Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h3>\n
Debata o Plutu je p\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e1 pro v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m: obt\u00ed\u017enost aplikace rigidn\u00edch lidsk\u00fdch definic na komplexn\u00ed a spojitou povahu vesm\u00edru. M\u00edsto boj\u016f o n\u00e1lepky by se v\u011bdeck\u00e1 komunita a tv\u016frci politik m\u011bli zam\u011b\u0159it na financov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu a znalost\u00ed<\/strong>. Skute\u010dn\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem pokroku nen\u00ed to, co naz\u00fdv\u00e1me tyto objekty, ale to, jak dob\u0159e je studujeme.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Klasifikace Pluta se op\u011bt stala politick\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem, ale debata vypov\u00edd\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e o byrokratick\u00fdch intrik\u00e1ch ne\u017e o astronomii. Administr\u00e1tor NASA Jared Isaacman ned\u00e1vno sv\u011bd\u010dil p\u0159ed americk\u00fdm sen\u00e1tn\u00edm v\u00fdborem pro p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed prost\u0159edk\u016f, kde vyj\u00e1d\u0159il podporu pro obnoven\u00ed planet\u00e1rn\u00edho statusu Pluta. Isaacman citoval v\u011bdeck\u00e9 zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed i n\u00e1rodn\u00ed hrdost a poznamenal, \u017ee Clyde Tombaugh, kter\u00fd objevil Pluto v roce […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7743,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7744"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7744"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7744\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7743"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7744"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7744"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7744"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}