{"id":7845,"date":"2026-07-09T20:56:40","date_gmt":"2026-07-09T17:56:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/uk-uazemlja-kishit-komahami-i-ne-prosto-kishit-ru-ruzemlja-kishit\/"},"modified":"2026-07-09T20:56:40","modified_gmt":"2026-07-09T17:56:40","slug":"uk-uazemlja-kishit-komahami-i-ne-prosto-kishit-ru-ruzemlja-kishit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/uk-uazemlja-kishit-komahami-i-ne-prosto-kishit-ru-ruzemlja-kishit\/","title":{"rendered":"Zem\u011b je zamo\u0159en\u00e1 hmyzem. A nejen hem\u017een\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Samotn\u00ed brouci tvo\u0159\u00ed \u010dtvrtinu v\u0161ech n\u00e1m zn\u00e1m\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch druh\u016f. A to u\u017e je p\u016fsobiv\u00e9. Jen\u017ee se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee jsme jejich po\u010dty katastrof\u00e1ln\u011b podcenili. Siln\u011b podcen\u011bno. Nov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e1 v pond\u011bl\u00ed v \u010dasopise Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em> nazna\u010duje, \u017ee na Zemi ve skute\u010dnosti \u017eije 20 milion\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f hmyzu. T\u0159ikr\u00e1t v\u00edce ne\u017e 6 milion\u016f, kter\u00e9 taxonomov\u00e9 v pr\u016fb\u011bhu let tak tvrdo\u0161\u00edjn\u011b obhajovali. <\/p>\n

Popsali jsme pouze 1,5 milionu druh\u016f. Odpo\u010dinek? Duchov\u00e9.<\/em> <\/p>\n

\u201eToto m\u011bn\u00ed hru,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Nigel Stork. Je entomologem na Griffithov\u011b univerzit\u011b v Austr\u00e1lii a jedn\u00edm z lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ed mnoha lety stanovili tyto n\u00edzk\u00e9 odhady. Nov\u00e9 d\u00edlo naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201e\u00fa\u017easn\u00fdm\u201c. Ve sv\u00e9m n\u00e1zoru nen\u00ed s\u00e1m. Matematika je zde \u017eelezn\u00e1. A z\u00e1v\u011bry jsou v\u00fdznamn\u00e9. <\/p>\n

Jak ale spo\u010d\u00edtat to, co nen\u00ed vid\u011bt? Nem\u016f\u017ee\u0161 se jen tak hrabat v zemi a doufat ve \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. To trvalo des\u00edtky let hled\u00e1n\u00ed parazitoid\u016f v obla\u010dn\u00fdch les\u00edch Kostariky. Museli jsme si vyp\u016fj\u010dit zku\u0161enosti od epidemiolog\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed sledovali propuknut\u00ed hepatitidy A na vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch na Tchaj-wanu. Byla vy\u017eadov\u00e1na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed stromov\u00e1 mapa. Podivn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsady. Ale recept se povedl. <\/p>\n

\n

C\u00edlem nebylo stihnout v\u0161e. C\u00edlem bylo p\u0159esn\u011b odhadnout, jak moc n\u00e1m chyb\u00ed. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Nejprve se vypo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1me s vosami. Toti\u017e s parazitoidy. Ty \u00fapln\u011b nejhor\u0161\u00ed. L\u00edhnou se uvnit\u0159 jin\u00fdch tvor\u016f. Dostanou se ven. Ve stylu “Alien”<\/em>. Guzman\u016fv t\u00fdm analyzoval t\u0159i dlouhodob\u00e9 projekty sledov\u00e1n\u00ed druh\u016f v Kostarice. Dva z nich pou\u017eili malajsk\u00e9 pasti. P\u0159edstavte si s\u00edt\u011b ve tvaru chatr\u010de, kter\u00e9 chytaj\u00ed l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed hmyz a nal\u00e9vaj\u00ed ho do konzerva\u010dn\u00ed kapaliny. T\u0159et\u00ed zp\u016fsob byl pomalej\u0161\u00ed. A tmav\u0161\u00ed. Dan Janssen a Vinnie Holvachs str\u00e1vili \u010dty\u0159icet let sb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm housenek, jejich krmen\u00edm a \u010dek\u00e1n\u00edm. Cht\u011bli vid\u011bt, kter\u00e9 vosy proraz\u00ed maso larev. <\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky byly jasn\u00e9. Pomoc\u00ed v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed metod na\u0161li 1414 druh\u016f vos. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nulov\u00fd p\u0159esah. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 t\u0159icet procent byla jednotliv\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. Vid\u011bl jsem to jednou. A zmizeli nav\u017edy. Nedostatek opakovan\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed nazna\u010dil n\u011bco z\u00e1sadn\u00edho pro hlavn\u00edho autora Roberta Colwella. Ani zdaleka nejsme skute\u010dn\u00e9mu obrazu. <\/p>\n

Colwell je entomolog a statistik v p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdn\u00e9m muzeu University of Colorado. Uv\u011bdomil si, \u017ee je pot\u0159eba nov\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak nahl\u00ed\u017eet na propast mezi pozorovateln\u00fdm a nepozorovateln\u00fdm. Obr\u00e1tili se na metody sledov\u00e1n\u00ed nemoc\u00ed. Pamatujete na hepatitidu B? V roce 2015 spoluautorka Anne Chao zkoumala v\u00fdsledky test\u016f s\u00e9ra, zpr\u00e1vy l\u00e9ka\u0159\u016f a studentsk\u00e9 dotazn\u00edky. Mapovala k\u0159i\u017eovatky. A prostory. Posoudila skute\u010dn\u00fd rozsah ohniska. Stejn\u00e1 matematika plat\u00ed pro vosy. Skute\u010dn\u00fd po\u010det druh\u016f v parku nebyl 1 400, ale bl\u00ed\u017ee 3 400.<\/p>\n

Tento koeficient byl rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed. Aplikovali ho do \u201ehmyz\u00ed pol\u00e9vky\u201c malajsk\u00fdch past\u00ed. Tato sm\u011bs obsahovala 1,6 milionu jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f hmyzu. \u010c\u00e1rov\u00e9 k\u00f3dov\u00e1n\u00ed DNA identifikovalo 54 000 druh\u016f. Pokud byl po\u010det druh\u016f vos ur\u010dit\u00fdm faktorem podhodnocen, pro\u010d by m\u011bl b\u00fdt jin\u00fd hmyz v\u00fdjimkou? Zlomili \u010d\u00edsla. Odhadovan\u00fd odhad druh\u016f hmyzu v tomto konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm kostarick\u00e9m parku byl 333 000.<\/p>\n

Obrovsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo na jeden kout d\u017eungle. Ale to je jen za\u010d\u00e1tek. T\u00fdm pot\u0159eboval glob\u00e1ln\u00ed referen\u010dn\u00ed bod. Staly se j\u00edm stromy. Plat\u00ed zde pravidlo \u201e\u0161\u00ed\u0159kov\u00e9ho bohatstv\u00ed\u201c. Biologick\u00e1 rozmanitost vrchol\u00ed v tropech a kles\u00e1 sm\u011brem k p\u00f3l\u016fm. To plat\u00ed v ka\u017ed\u00e9m kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed \u017eiv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrody. To plat\u00ed i pro rostliny. Rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed strom\u016f bylo dob\u0159e prozkoum\u00e1no. Hmyz\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed – ne. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci pou\u017eili m\u0159\u00ed\u017ekovou mapu glob\u00e1ln\u00edch stromov\u00fdch populac\u00ed k v\u00fdpo\u010dtu \u201e\u0161k\u00e1lov\u00e9ho faktoru\u201c. Od po\u010dtu strom\u016f v Kostarice (asi 1 500 druh\u016f) po celosv\u011btov\u00fd po\u010det (asi 73 300 druh\u016f) p\u0159ekonaly propast. <\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledek v\u00e1s zas\u00e1hne p\u0159\u00edmo do hrudi. 20 milion\u016f druh\u016f hmyzu. Mnoh\u00e9 s \u00fapravami, kter\u00e9 jsme nikdy nevid\u011bli. S chov\u00e1n\u00edm si m\u016f\u017eeme jen p\u0159edstavovat. <\/p>\n

To m\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161l\u00edme o ochran\u011b p\u0159\u00edrody. “Je to z\u0159ejm\u00e9,” \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Colwell. Tradi\u010dn\u00ed taxonomie nedr\u017e\u00ed krok s realitou. Nen\u00ed dost lid\u00ed s mikroskopy. Alespo\u0148 za na\u0161eho \u017eivota. Nebudeme je v\u0161echny jmenovat. S nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed to nikdy nepojmenujeme. <\/p>\n

Ale znalost rozsahu nezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho pom\u00e1h\u00e1. “Je pro n\u00e1s opravdu u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt, kdo s n\u00e1mi sd\u00edl\u00ed tuto Zemi,” zd\u016fraz\u0148uje Guzman. Jeho slova zn\u011bj\u00ed mocn\u011b. Biologick\u00e1 rozmanitost je ohro\u017eena. Tato nov\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed linie n\u00e1m poskytuje vod\u00edtko. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 n\u00e1m p\u0159esn\u011b, kolik m\u016f\u017eeme ztratit, ani\u017e bychom je v\u016fbec poznali.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Samotn\u00ed brouci tvo\u0159\u00ed \u010dtvrtinu v\u0161ech n\u00e1m zn\u00e1m\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch druh\u016f. A to u\u017e je p\u016fsobiv\u00e9. Jen\u017ee se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee jsme jejich po\u010dty katastrof\u00e1ln\u011b podcenili. Siln\u011b podcen\u011bno. Nov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00e1 v pond\u011bl\u00ed v \u010dasopise Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences nazna\u010duje, \u017ee na Zemi ve skute\u010dnosti \u017eije 20 milion\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f hmyzu. T\u0159ikr\u00e1t v\u00edce ne\u017e 6 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7844,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7845"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7845"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7845\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7844"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7845"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7845"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7845"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}