Tento proces nastartuje stres. <\/p>\n
Kdy\u017e antibiotika napadnou mikroorganismus, jeho soused\u00e9 zpanika\u0159\u00ed. Ale ne tak, jak jsme o\u010dek\u00e1vali. Nehrabou se a ne\u010dekaj\u00ed na nejhor\u0161\u00ed. Jsou k sob\u011b p\u0159itahov\u00e1ni. Sd\u00edlej\u00ed b\u00edlkoviny. <\/p>\n
Zn\u00ed to \u0161\u00edlen\u011b, j\u00e1 v\u00edm. V\u017edy jsme v\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee bakterie si vym\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed DNA. Horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159enos gen\u016f je klasikou mikrobiologie. V\u00edme, \u017ee p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed geny odporu jako stranick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edzn\u011b. V\u011bdci v\u0161ak dlouho p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali temn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 interakce. Mo\u017en\u00e1 si tak\u00e9 vym\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed funk\u010dn\u00ed proteiny. V\u011b\u0159ilo se, \u017ee doru\u010dovac\u00ed \u201en\u00e1kla\u010f\u00e1ky\u201c jsou mal\u00e9 kapaln\u00e9 bubliny zvan\u00e9 vezikuly. Tukov\u00e1 membr\u00e1na, proteinov\u00fd n\u00e1klad – chick-chick, a ne. <\/p>\n
Ale kde jsou d\u016fkazy? <\/p>\n
\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 nebyly. <\/p>\n
\u201e[Ve zp\u011btn\u00e9m pohledu] nebyly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Christopher Herman, mikrobiolog z Baylor College of Medicine. Zat\u00edm. On a jeho t\u00fdm pr\u00e1v\u011b publikovali \u010dl\u00e1nek v \u010dasopise Science<\/em>, kter\u00fd tento proces kone\u010dn\u011b zdokumentoval. \u017d\u00edt. Tedy \u0159e\u010deno na film. <\/p>\n Herman a jeho kolegov\u00e9 nastra\u017eili past. Jednoduch\u00fd. Elegantn\u00ed. Pou\u017eili dv\u011b populace E. coli<\/em> (Escherichia coli). <\/p>\n Prvn\u00ed skupinou jsou p\u0159\u00edjemci. Tyto uboh\u00e9 du\u0161e nesly zlomen\u00fd gen. P\u0159evr\u00e1cen\u00e9, zbyte\u010dn\u00e9, hloup\u00e9. Bez funk\u010dn\u00ed verze tohoto konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho genu by nedok\u00e1zali zpracovat galakt\u00f3zu, jednoduch\u00fd cukr. V podstat\u011b hladov\u011bli, zbaveni tohoto konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho zdroje energie. <\/p>\n Pak d\u00e1rci. Tihle chlapi m\u011bli zbra\u0148: Cre-rekombin\u00e1zu. Protein, kter\u00fd dok\u00e1\u017ee korigovat p\u0159evr\u00e1cen\u00e9 geny. P\u016fsob\u00ed jako n\u016f\u017eky a lepidlo. Vyst\u0159ihne a vlo\u017e\u00ed gen a vr\u00e1t\u00ed jej do funk\u010dn\u00edho stavu. Pokud by p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00edc\u00ed bu\u0148ka p\u0159ijala tento protein Cre, mohla by p\u0159epnout gen zp\u011bt. Byl zapnut \u201ere\u017eim hodov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c. <\/p>\n Tady je h\u00e1\u010dek. P\u0159enos DNA by zde nefungoval. P\u0159\u00edjemci pot\u0159ebovali protein k vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed okam\u017eit\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu. Museli fyzicky obdr\u017eet Cre rekombin\u00e1zu od d\u00e1rce. <\/p>\n Experiment se zd\u00e1l b\u00fdt odsouzen k ne\u00fasp\u011bchu. Nebo z nudy. <\/p>\n “[Herman] odjel na dovolenou. Byla jsem v laborato\u0159i. Mysl\u00edm, \u017ee jsme nic ne\u010dekali,” vzpom\u00edn\u00e1 vedouc\u00ed autorka studie Alice Wen. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Pozorovali Petriho misky. Dny plynuly. A najednou. Pomalu, bolestiv\u011b se objevil sign\u00e1l. Bakterie se rozd\u011blila<\/em>. Protein Cre se pohnul. P\u0159\u00edjemci jedli galakt\u00f3zu. V\u00fdm\u011bna prob\u011bhla. <\/p>\n I kdy\u017e je to zatracen\u011b pomal\u00e9. Nebyla to povode\u0148, ale kapka. <\/p>\n Dokud se tlak nezv\u00fd\u0161il. <\/p>\n Do t\u00e9to sm\u011bsi vho\u010fte antibiotika. <\/p>\n Pod\u00edvejte se na reakci. <\/p>\n P\u0159enosov\u00e9 rychlosti raketov\u011b vzrostly. \u010cty\u0159itis\u00edckr\u00e1t. Nejedn\u00e1 se o \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed. Toto je panick\u00e1 reakce. Stres z drogy zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee se kolonie zapoj\u00ed do zb\u011bsil\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bny zdroj\u016f. <\/p>\n Ve voln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b to rozd\u011bluje bakterie na dva kmeny. Mu\u010dedn\u00edci a sp\u00e1\u010di. <\/p>\n V\u011bt\u0161ina bun\u011bk reaguje vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00e1\u010dk\u016f. Vykl\u00e1daj\u00ed sv\u016fj proteinov\u00fd n\u00e1klad do \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a sami se tak nechaj\u00ed bezbrann\u00ed. Je to druh sebevra\u017eedn\u00e9ho paktu, ale n\u00e1klad jde na sousedy. Mezit\u00edm ostatn\u00ed bu\u0148ky ztichnou. P\u0159estanou se rozmno\u017eovat. Zastavuj\u00ed produkci b\u00edlkovin, aby se skryly p\u0159ed l\u00e9kem. Jsou sp\u00edc\u00ed, k\u0159ehc\u00ed a pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed pomoc. <\/p>\n Herman v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee vezikuly dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed n\u00e1stroje pro opravu. DNA polymer\u00e1zy. Co tyto sp\u00edc\u00ed bu\u0148ky pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed k restartu \u017eivota, kdy\u017e bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed ustane. \u017div\u00ed \u017eiv\u00ed sp\u00edc\u00ed. Funguje to i na hranic\u00edch mezi druhy. <\/p>\n Pro\u010d? <\/p>\n Kdo v\u00ed. Up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b, nev\u00edme. <\/p>\n “Prost\u011b v\u00edme, \u017ee se to d\u011bje,” \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Wen. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Mo\u017en\u00e1 je to ot\u00e1zka p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed populace. Jedna bu\u0148ka zem\u0159e, aby ostatn\u00ed mohli \u017e\u00edt. Nebo je to mo\u017en\u00e1 sobectv\u00ed v jemn\u00e9 podob\u011b. Mo\u017en\u00e1 bu\u0148ka un\u00e1\u0161\u00ed protein sv\u00e9ho souseda, aby ho otestovala. Mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed bezplatn\u00e1 zku\u0161ebn\u00ed verze. Ne\u017e se rozhodne ukr\u00e1st trval\u00e9 aktiva, jako je DNA, nejprve vyzkou\u0161\u00ed dovednosti sv\u00e9ho souseda. <\/p>\n A funguje to. Tady je ta v\u011bc. <\/p>\n Laurent Van Melderen ze Svobodn\u00e9 univerzity v Bruselu nebyl do studie zapojen. D\u00edvala se ze strany. L\u00edb\u00ed se j\u00ed, co vid\u00ed. <\/p>\n “Je to velmi elegantn\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak dok\u00e1zat existenci p\u0159enosu b\u00edlkovin. Jsem si jist\u00e1, \u017ee maj\u00ed pravdu,” \u0159\u00edk\u00e1. <\/p>\n Kontroln\u00ed skupiny byly p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 mezery. Z\u00e1v\u011br je stabiln\u00ed. Kdy\u017e se n\u011bco pokaz\u00ed, bakterie se d\u011bl\u00ed o sv\u00e9 \u017eelezo. P\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u0161tafetu. Sd\u00edlej\u00ed n\u00e1klad. <\/p>\n P\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed nejzdatn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch si obvykle p\u0159edstavujeme jako individu\u00e1ln\u00ed sport. S\u00e1m. K t\u011bm nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm. Ale zde, na mikroskopick\u00e9 \u00farovni, je komunita d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jednotlivec. Vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed ochrannou s\u00ed\u0165 tuk\u016f a b\u00edlkovin. <\/p>\n To n\u00e1s nut\u00ed se pt\u00e1t: kdo je skute\u010dn\u00fd nep\u0159\u00edtel?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Tento proces nastartuje stres. Kdy\u017e antibiotika napadnou mikroorganismus, jeho soused\u00e9 zpanika\u0159\u00ed. Ale ne tak, jak jsme o\u010dek\u00e1vali. Nehrabou se a ne\u010dekaj\u00ed na nejhor\u0161\u00ed. Jsou k sob\u011b p\u0159itahov\u00e1ni. Sd\u00edlej\u00ed b\u00edlkoviny. Zn\u00ed to \u0161\u00edlen\u011b, j\u00e1 v\u00edm. V\u017edy jsme v\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee bakterie si vym\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed DNA. Horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159enos gen\u016f je klasikou mikrobiologie. V\u00edme, \u017ee p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed geny odporu jako stranick\u00e9 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7911,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7912"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7912"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7912\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7911"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7912"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7912"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7912"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Past<\/h3>\n
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\u00da\u010dinek antibiotik<\/h3>\n
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