Tv\u00e1\u0159 Simonetty Vespucciov\u00e9 je v renesan\u010dn\u00edm um\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ude. Inspirovala Botticelliho k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed obrazu Venu\u0161e a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch mistrovsk\u00fdch d\u011bl. Zem\u0159ela v\u0161ak v roce 1476 ve v\u011bku pouh\u00fdch 23 let. Historici se dlouho domn\u00edvali, \u017ee ji zabila tuberkul\u00f3za. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b byla tato nemoc b\u011b\u017en\u00e1: u n\u011bkter\u00fdch postupovala rychle, u jin\u00fdch pomalu. Z\u00e1pletka skom\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed kr\u00e1sky do tohoto sn\u00edmku dokonale zapadla. <\/p>\n
Ale co kdy\u017e byla diagn\u00f3za \u0161patn\u00e1? <\/p>\n
V roce 2019 v\u011bdci p\u0159edlo\u017eili dal\u0161\u00ed verzi. Pod\u00edvali se pozorn\u011bji. Zkoumali nejen obrazy, ale tak\u00e9 k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u011b odkazovali na sv\u00e1 data s dobov\u00fdmi texty a sna\u017eili se na na\u0161ich pl\u00e1tnech naj\u00edt stopy konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho zdravotn\u00edho stavu skr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edho se na o\u010d\u00edch. <\/p>\n
Kl\u00ed\u010d spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v jemn\u00fdch zm\u011bn\u00e1ch rys\u016f obli\u010deje, kter\u00e9 lze vid\u011bt na r\u016fzn\u00fdch portr\u00e9tech. Botticelli namaloval Simonettu n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t od 70. let 14. stolet\u00ed a\u017e do sv\u00e9ho posmrtn\u00e9ho obrazu Zrozen\u00ed Venu\u0161e (1482\u20131484). <\/p>\n
Kdy\u017e se pod\u00edv\u00e1te pozorn\u011b, zm\u011bn\u00ed se jej\u00ed rysy obli\u010deje. Zm\u011bn\u00ed se linie \u010delisti, zm\u011bn\u00ed se obo\u010d\u00ed a prom\u011bn\u00ed se m\u011bkk\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b obli\u010deje. Nejde o zm\u011bny um\u011bleck\u00e9ho stylu, ale o zm\u011bny fyziologick\u00e9. <\/p>\n
Shoduj\u00ed se s p\u0159\u00edznaky adenomu hypof\u00fdzy<\/strong>. <\/p>\n Jedn\u00e1 se o n\u00e1dor \u017el\u00e1zy um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 na spodin\u011b mozku. Tato \u017el\u00e1za reguluje hormon\u00e1ln\u00ed hladiny. Jak n\u00e1dor roste, m\u016f\u017ee vylu\u010dovat nadbytek r\u016fstov\u00e9ho hormonu a prolaktinu. Postupem \u010dasu, v pr\u016fb\u011bhu m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f nebo let, tyto hormony p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed vzhled obli\u010deje. Jedn\u00e1 se o pomal\u00fd, ale znateln\u00fd proces. <\/p>\n N\u00e1dor, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee pomalu zm\u011bnit tv\u00e1\u0159 \u010dlov\u011bka, m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 rychle zab\u00edt \u010dlov\u011bka, pokud praskne. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Na jednom z obraz\u016f je dokonce vyobrazena postava s alegorick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edznakem tohoto stavu: n\u00e1hl\u00e1 laktace. Toto je specifick\u00fd znak indikuj\u00edc\u00ed prudk\u00fd skok v hladin\u00e1ch prolaktinu. <\/p>\n Teorie z roku 2019 byla opatrn\u00e1: nab\u00edzela v\u011brohodn\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed, ale netvrdila, \u017ee je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00e1. O p\u011bt let pozd\u011bji argument zes\u00edlil. T\u00fdm v\u011bdc\u016f zve\u0159ejnil nov\u00e9 poznatky v \u010dasopise Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism<\/em>. V\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee nyn\u00ed v\u011bd\u00ed, jak Simonetta skute\u010dn\u011b zem\u0159ela. <\/p>\n Nezabila ji pomalu vysiluj\u00edc\u00ed nemoc, jako je tuberkul\u00f3za, ale n\u00e1hl\u00e1 zdravotn\u00ed katastrofa \u2013 n\u00e1dorov\u00e1 hypof\u00fdza<\/strong>. <\/p>\n K tomuto stavu doch\u00e1z\u00ed, kdy\u017e n\u00e1dor hypof\u00fdzy krv\u00e1c\u00ed do lebky nebo se zv\u011bt\u0161uje. V\u00fdsledek je katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed: siln\u00e1 bolest hlavy, ztr\u00e1ta zraku, zmatenost. Hormon\u00e1ln\u00ed regulace t\u011bla t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 okam\u017eit\u011b selh\u00e1v\u00e1. <\/p>\n To vysv\u011btluje rychlost jej\u00ed smrti. Tuberkul\u00f3za se obvykle vle\u010de: \u010dlov\u011bk postupn\u011b odezn\u00edv\u00e1 a sl\u00e1bne. Simonetta ztratila v\u011bdom\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo u m\u00ed\u010de. Dopisy Piera Vespucciho Lorenzovi de’ Medici to \u017eiv\u011b popisuj\u00ed. Trp\u011bla bolestmi hlavy, halucinacemi, zvracen\u00edm a hore\u010dkou. Pak zem\u0159ela. <\/p>\n Chronick\u00e1 infekce se nevyv\u00edj\u00ed tak rychle. Apoplexie – ano. <\/p>\n Tuto teorii podporuj\u00ed t\u0159i linie d\u016fkaz\u016f. <\/p>\n Nejprve vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed chronologie. Portr\u00e9ty ukazuj\u00ed rostouc\u00ed n\u00e1dor. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 70. let 14. stolet\u00ed tam nebylo. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 80. let 14. stolet\u00ed to bylo jasn\u011b viditeln\u00e9. <\/p>\n Za druh\u00e9, klinick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky popsan\u00e9 v dopisech. Popis jej\u00edch posledn\u00edch dn\u016f se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dokonale shoduje s klinick\u00fdm obrazem apoplexie. N\u00e1hl\u00fd kolaps. Neurologick\u00e9 utrpen\u00ed. Syst\u00e9mov\u00fd \u0161ok.<\/p>\n Za t\u0159et\u00ed, trv\u00e1n\u00ed spou\u0161t\u011b\u010d\u016f. Co by mohlo zp\u016fsobit prasknut\u00ed stabiln\u00edho n\u00e1doru? V m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch jej\u00ed smrti jsou zaznamen\u00e1ny dv\u011b ud\u00e1losti:<\/p>\n Ka\u017ed\u00fd z t\u011bchto sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159\u016f m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit krv\u00e1cen\u00ed. P\u0159ed chv\u00edl\u00ed byla v po\u0159\u00e1dku. Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011bc, n\u00e1dor praskl. \u0158et\u011bzov\u00e1 reakce za\u010dala. O n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed pozd\u011bji zem\u0159ela. <\/p>\n Nem\u016f\u017eeme si b\u00fdt 100% jisti. Vzorky l\u00e1tek nem\u00e1me. V roce 1476 neprob\u011bhlo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 skenov\u00e1n\u00ed. Jsou tam jen malby, dopisy a 500 let l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9ho ohl\u00e9dnut\u00ed. <\/p>\n Ale souhrn fakt\u016f je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00fd. Zm\u011bny v obli\u010deji ukazuj\u00ed na chronick\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. Dopisy popisuj\u00ed akutn\u00ed, smrteln\u00fd stav. Spole\u010dn\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed ucelen\u00fd l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh. <\/p>\n Tuberkul\u00f3za nevysv\u011btluje n\u00e1hl\u00fd n\u00e1stup dob\u0159e. N\u00e1dorov\u00e1 teorie vysv\u011btluje jak postupn\u00e9 fyzick\u00e9 zm\u011bny, tak n\u00e1hlou smrt. <\/p>\n Nejde jen o vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed odv\u011bk\u00e9 historick\u00e9 z\u00e1hady. To je ot\u00e1zka metodologie. L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 znalosti mohou odpov\u011bd\u011bt na ot\u00e1zky, na kter\u00e9 historie sama odpov\u011bd\u011bt nedok\u00e1\u017ee. Historick\u00e9 z\u00e1hady zase tla\u010d\u00ed medic\u00ednu ke studiu progrese onemocn\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby. <\/p>\n Tv\u00e1\u0159 Simonetty si mo\u017en\u00e1 Botticelli idealizoval. Ale jej\u00ed t\u011blo mluvilo pravdu. Rostouc\u00ed n\u00e1dor. N\u00e1hl\u00e9 krv\u00e1cen\u00ed. \u017divot mlad\u00e9 \u017eeny p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00fd vnit\u0159n\u00ed bou\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Tv\u00e1\u0159 Simonetty Vespucciov\u00e9 je v renesan\u010dn\u00edm um\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ude. Inspirovala Botticelliho k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed obrazu Venu\u0161e a mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch mistrovsk\u00fdch d\u011bl. Zem\u0159ela v\u0161ak v roce 1476 ve v\u011bku pouh\u00fdch 23 let. Historici se dlouho domn\u00edvali, \u017ee ji zabila tuberkul\u00f3za. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b byla tato nemoc b\u011b\u017en\u00e1: u n\u011bkter\u00fdch postupovala rychle, u jin\u00fdch pomalu. Z\u00e1pletka skom\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed kr\u00e1sky do […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7967,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"wpm_language_slugs":{"cs":"od-apoplexie-hypofyzy-ke-smrti-lekarska-pravda-o-misantropovi","de":"wie-ein-hypophysenschlag-simonetta-vespucci-getotet-haben-konnte-die","en":"how-pituitary-apoplexy-may-have-killed-simonetta-vespucci-the","es":"como-la-apoplejia-pituitaria-pudo-haber-matado-a-simonetta-vespucci-la","fr":"comment-lapoplexie-hypophysaire-a-pu-tuer-simonetta-vespucci-la-verite","id":"bagaimana-pitam-hipofisis-dapat-membunuh-simonetta-vespucci","it":"come-lapoplessia-ipofisaria-potrebbe-aver-ucciso-simonetta-vespucci-la","nl":"hoe-hypofyse-apoplexie-simonetta-vespucci-het-leven-heeft-gekost-de","pl":"od-udaru-przysadki-mozgowej-do-smierci-prawda-medyczna-o-mizantropie","pt":"como-a-apoplexia-hipofisaria-pode-ter-matado-simonetta-vespucci-a","ru-ru":"ot-apopleksii-gipofiza-do-smerti-meditsinskaja-pravda-o-mizantrope","uk-ua":"vid-apopleksiyi-gipofiza-do-smerti-medichna-pravda-pro-mizantrop"},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7968"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7968"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7968\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7967"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7968"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7968"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7968"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n
Od n\u00e1doru ke katastrof\u011b: apoplexie hypof\u00fdzy<\/h3>\n
Spou\u0161t\u011b\u010de: tanec a konflikt<\/h3>\n
\n
Pro\u010d na tom z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed mimo p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh<\/h3>\n