{"id":7970,"date":"2026-07-28T18:41:52","date_gmt":"2026-07-28T15:41:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/chi-mozhut-bdzholi-vidchuvati-magnitni-polja\/"},"modified":"2026-07-28T18:41:52","modified_gmt":"2026-07-28T15:41:52","slug":"chi-mozhut-bdzholi-vidchuvati-magnitni-polja","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/magneticka-navigace-vcel-uzasny-evolucni-pribeh\/","title":{"rendered":"Magnetick\u00e1 navigace v\u010del: \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd evolu\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u010dely maj\u00ed magnetick\u00fd smysl. A to se net\u00fdk\u00e1 jen v\u010del. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny typy. <\/p>\n

Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 studie publikovan\u00e1 v \u010dasopise Science Advances<\/em> testovala 96 r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f. U 74 z nich byly zji\u0161t\u011bny m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 vlastnosti. Toto zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zcela m\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm hmyz proplouv\u00e1 sv\u011btem. Nazna\u010duje, \u017ee magnetorecepce nen\u00ed specializovan\u00fd mechanismus vyvinut\u00fd v\u00fdhradn\u011b pro spole\u010densk\u00fd \u017eivot. To je n\u011bco mnohem starod\u00e1vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a z\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho. <\/p>\n

Biologov\u00e9 po desetilet\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee soci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u010dely \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v dutin\u00e1ch dok\u00e1\u017eou vn\u00edmat magnetick\u00e9 pole Zem\u011b. V\u0161eobecn\u011b se v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee tento vnit\u0159n\u00ed kompas se vyvinul, proto\u017ee v\u010dely \u017eij\u00ed v koloni\u00edch. Pomoc\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fdch tanc\u016f sd\u011bluj\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed kv\u011btinov\u00fdch z\u00e1hon\u016f sv\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm. Na sm\u011bru z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed. Geomagnetick\u00e9 pole slou\u017e\u00ed jako stabiln\u00ed referen\u010dn\u00ed bod vzhledem k poloze Slunce. Bez toho se matematika navigace nes\u010d\u00edt\u00e1. V\u011bdci se proto domn\u00edvali, \u017ee tato schopnost \u00fazce souvis\u00ed se soci\u00e1ln\u00ed slo\u017eitost\u00ed. <\/p>\n

M\u00fdlili jsme se.<\/strong> <\/p>\n

M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 s\u00edly samot\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch a spole\u010densk\u00fdch v\u010del<\/h3>\n

S kolegy jsme se rozhodli p\u0159estat spekulovat. Za\u010dali jsme m\u011b\u0159it. <\/p>\n

Odebrali jsme vzorky v\u010del z \u010deledi Apidae. Tato skupina zahrnuje jak spole\u010densk\u00e9 druhy, jako jsou v\u010dely medonosn\u00e9, tak druhy samot\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9, jako jsou v\u010dely kom\u00ednov\u00e9. Mrtv\u00e9 v\u010dely jsme usu\u0161ili, rozemleli na pr\u00e1\u0161ek a ten pak vlo\u017eili do magnetometru, abychom zm\u011b\u0159ili magnetickou odezvu. <\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky byly ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed. <\/p>\n

O\u010dek\u00e1vali jsme, \u017ee magnetismus najdeme pouze u spole\u010densk\u00fdch v\u010del. M\u00edsto toho jsme to na\u0161li v\u0161ude. Spole\u010densk\u00e9 i samot\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u010dely vykazovaly silnou magnetickou odezvu. To n\u00e1s vedlo k odm\u00edtnut\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy, \u017ee magnetismus je nezbytn\u00fd pro skupinov\u00fd \u017eivot. <\/p>\n

Jedn\u00edm z na\u0161ich subjekt\u016f byla v\u010dela z mal\u00e9 spole\u010densk\u00e9 \u010deledi Halictidae. Byla vysoce magnetick\u00e1. To n\u00e1s p\u0159im\u011blo studovat evolu\u010dn\u00ed historii hloub\u011bji. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ili jsme na\u0161e hled\u00e1n\u00ed o v\u010dely z cel\u00e9ho evolu\u010dn\u00edho stromu. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali jsme, \u017ee p\u016fvod t\u00e9to vlastnosti le\u017e\u00ed ve starov\u011bk\u00fdch lini\u00edch. <\/p>\n

Identifikovali jsme n\u011bkolik jasn\u00fdch vzorc\u016f. <\/p>\n

    \n
  • Velk\u00e9 v\u010dely byly magneti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e mal\u00e9. <\/li>\n
  • Spole\u010densk\u00e9 v\u010dely m\u011bly tendenci b\u00fdt o n\u011bco magneti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u010dely samot\u00e1\u0159ky. <\/li>\n
  • V\u010dely hn\u00edzd\u00edc\u00ed v dutin\u00e1ch byly magneti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ty, kter\u00e9 hn\u00edzdily v zemi. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Ale tady je h\u00e1\u010dek: tyto trendy neobst\u00e1ly ve velk\u00e9m. Magnetismus jsme na\u0161li u v\u0161ech testovan\u00fdch v\u010del\u00edch rodin. Ve dvouh\u0159e. V soci\u00e1ln\u00edm. V noci. Na zemi. \u017divot v \u00falech. Ve v\u0161em.<\/strong> <\/p>\n

    Dokonce i brouci, vosy a mouchy vykazovali magnetick\u00e9 vlastnosti v na\u0161ich srovn\u00e1vac\u00edch vzorc\u00edch. <\/p>\n

    To vedlo k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee magnetismus pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed samotn\u00fd vzhled v\u010del. To je prastar\u00e1, konzervativn\u00ed vlastnost. Evolu\u010dn\u00ed d\u011bdictv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u010dely nevymyslely, ale jednodu\u0161e zd\u011bdily. <\/p>\n

    Pro\u010d je tak t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 prok\u00e1zat magnetorecepci?<\/h3>\n

    Pokud jsou v\u010dely magnetick\u00e9, pro\u010d st\u00e1le pln\u011b nerozum\u00edme tomu, jak tento magnetismus vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed? <\/p>\n

    Odpov\u011b\u010f je jednoduch\u00e1: je neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 studovat.<\/p>\n

    Magnetorecepce je mo\u017en\u00e1 nejkontroverzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ze zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch smysl\u016f. Existuj\u00ed p\u00e1dn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy, \u017ee mnoho organism\u016f je schopno detekovat magnetick\u00e1 pole Zem\u011b. Je v\u0161ak nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee by to byl jejich hlavn\u00ed pocit. Dokonce i pro v\u010dely, o kter\u00fdch je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 podn\u011bty, je izolov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto percep\u010dn\u00edho kan\u00e1lu obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9. Pro testov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto mo\u017enost\u00ed je nutn\u00e9 odstranit organismy z jejich p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. To ale naru\u0161uje samotn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00edme m\u011b\u0159it. <\/p>\n

    Vezmeme \u010dmel\u00e1ky. Biologov\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee maj\u00ed magnetorecepci. Ale i zde z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed ot\u00e1zky. P\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00ed pochybnosti o tom, jak moc na tento pocit spol\u00e9haj\u00ed. <\/p>\n

    V\u010dely jsou jin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad. V\u011bdc\u016fm se je poda\u0159ilo nau\u010dit rozli\u0161ovat m\u00edstn\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 anom\u00e1lie. D\u00edky t\u011bmto konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm d\u016fkaz\u016fm jsme h\u00e1dali o na\u0161ich dal\u0161\u00edch testovan\u00fdch subjektech. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali jsme, \u017ee pokud v\u010del\u00ed druh vykazuje siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed magnetickou odezvu ne\u017e v\u010dela medonosn\u00e1, je tak\u00e9 magnetoreceptivn\u00ed. <\/p>\n

    P\u0159edpoklad nen\u00ed d\u016fkaz.<\/strong> <\/p>\n

    Na\u0161e data ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee magnetismus je p\u0159\u00edtomen v\u0161ude. Ale nevysv\u011btluj\u00ed pro\u010d<\/em> to v\u010dely pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed. A nevysv\u011btluj\u00ed jak<\/em> to funguje na mechanick\u00e9 \u00farovni. <\/p>\n

    N\u011bkter\u00e9 teorie nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee magnetorecepce funguje prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kryptochrom\u016f citliv\u00fdch na sv\u011btlo v o\u010d\u00edch hmyzu. Na\u0161e v\u00fdsledky tuto my\u0161lenku jen m\u00e1lo podporuj\u00ed. Zjistili jsme, \u017ee a\u010dkoli se s\u00edla magnetick\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech t\u011bla li\u0161ila, nikdy nebyla omezena na jednu oblast. Byla to ned\u00edln\u00e1<\/strong> vlastnost t\u011bla. <\/p>\n

    D\u00edky tomu je obraz je\u0161t\u011b temn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Potvrdili jsme p\u0159\u00edtomnost tohoto p\u0159\u00edznaku. Sledovali jsme jeho evolu\u010dn\u00ed distribuci. Jak\u00e1 je ale skute\u010dn\u00e1 funkce? Biologick\u00fd mechanismus? <\/p>\n

    Je to po\u0159\u00e1d n\u011bkde v poli. \u010cek\u00e1 na otev\u0159en\u00ed.<\/strong> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    V\u010dely maj\u00ed magnetick\u00fd smysl. A to se net\u00fdk\u00e1 jen v\u010del. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny typy. Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 studie publikovan\u00e1 v \u010dasopise Science Advances testovala 96 r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f. U 74 z nich byly zji\u0161t\u011bny m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 vlastnosti. Toto zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zcela m\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm hmyz proplouv\u00e1 sv\u011btem. Nazna\u010duje, \u017ee magnetorecepce nen\u00ed specializovan\u00fd mechanismus vyvinut\u00fd v\u00fdhradn\u011b pro spole\u010densk\u00fd \u017eivot. To je […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7969,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"wpm_language_slugs":{"cs":"magneticka-navigace-vcel-uzasny-evolucni-pribeh","de":"wie-bienen-navigieren-die-uberraschende-evolutionsgeschichte-der","en":"how-bees-navigate-the-surprising-evolutionary-history-of-magnetic","es":"como-navegan-las-abejas-la-sorprendente-historia-evolutiva-de-la","fr":"comment-les-abeilles-naviguent-la-surprenante-histoire-evolutive-de-la","id":"cara-lebah-bernavigasi-sejarah-evolusi-penginderaan-magnetik-yang","it":"come-navigano-le-api-la-sorprendente-storia-evolutiva-del","nl":"hoe-bijen-navigeren-de-verrassende-evolutionaire-geschiedenis-van","pl":"magnetyczna-nawigacja-pszczol-niesamowita-historia-ewolucyjna","pt":"como-as-abelhas-navegam-a-surpreendente-historia-evolutiva-da-deteccao","ru-ru":"magnitnaja-navigatsija-pchel-udivitelnaja-evoljutsionnaja-istorija","uk-ua":"chi-mozhut-bdzholi-vidchuvati-magnitni-polja"},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7970"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7970"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7970\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7969"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7970"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7970"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7970"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}