V \u00fater\u00fd ot\u0159\u00e1sl ostrovem Kj\u00fa\u0161\u00fa ot\u0159es o s\u00edle 6,8 stupn\u011b. Epicentrum se nach\u00e1zelo ji\u017en\u011b od m\u011bsta Kumamoto. Nebyl to jen ot\u0159es mozku \u2013 byla to katastrofick\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost. Vypukly po\u017e\u00e1ry, silnice se podlomily a budovy se z\u0159\u00edtily, v\u010detn\u011b n\u00e1kupn\u00edho centra, kde se nyn\u00ed z\u00e1chran\u00e1\u0159i brod\u00ed sutinami a hledaj\u00ed lidi. <\/p>\n
Co p\u0159esn\u011b zp\u016fsobilo tuto destrukci? Tohle nebyla va\u0161e typick\u00e1 megasm\u011bna. Bylo to \u00fadern\u00e9 zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed. Zemsk\u00e1 k\u016fra se roz\u0161t\u011bpila, bloky se v\u016f\u010di sob\u011b posunuly obrovskou silou. <\/p>\n
Ale pro\u010d tady? Pro\u010d takov\u00e1 destrukce o s\u00edle pouh\u00fdch 6,8? <\/p>\n
Kj\u00fa\u0161\u00fa nen\u00ed jen n\u00e1hodn\u00fd ostrov. Jedn\u00e1 se o geologickou k\u0159i\u017eovatku. Nez\u00e1visl\u00fd seismolog Amilcar Carrera-Cevallos to naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201ejednou ze seismicky nejn\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch lokalit v Japonsku\u201c. <\/p>\n
P\u0159edstavte si tektonickou k\u0159i\u017eovatku. Interaguj\u00edc\u00ed s\u00edly jsou protich\u016fdn\u00e9; t\u00e1hnou zemi opa\u010dn\u00fdmi sm\u011bry. <\/p>\n
Na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b se filip\u00ednsk\u00e1 deska pod\u0159izuje pod euroasijskou. Subdukce prob\u00edh\u00e1. Rychlost kles\u00e1n\u00ed je asi 40\u201350 mm za rok. To jsou asi dva palce st\u00e1l\u00e9ho tlakov\u00e9ho stresu ro\u010dn\u011b. <\/p>\n
Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b? Prodlou\u017een\u00ed (prota\u017een\u00ed). <\/p>\n
Pozemek se t\u00e1hne posteromedi\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00e1nev. Toto prodlou\u017een\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed Beppu-Shimabara graben. Toto je poruchov\u00e1 z\u00f3na pln\u00e1 aktivn\u00edch poruch. Sopky Asa a Untseng se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b na t\u00e9to nestabiln\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u011b. <\/p>\n
M\u00e1te s \u010d\u00edm porovn\u00e1vat: subdukce tla\u010d\u00ed z jednoho konce, extenze t\u00e1hne z druh\u00e9ho. A pak cel\u00fd tento slo\u017eit\u00fd syst\u00e9m prot\u00edn\u00e1 velk\u00fd zlomov\u00fd zlom \u2013 st\u0159edojaponsk\u00e1 tektonick\u00e1 linie. <\/p>\n
Zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed o s\u00edle 6,8 stupn\u011b se vyskytlo pod\u00e9l m\u00edstn\u00edho zlomu v samotn\u00e9 euroasijsk\u00e9 desce. Ne v hlavn\u00edm \u017elabu, ale jen v mal\u00e9 \u0161t\u011brbin\u011b v k\u016f\u0159e. <\/p>\n
Hloubka je d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e velikost. <\/p>\n
Toto zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed nastalo pouh\u00fdch 10 kilometr\u016f (6 mil) pod povrchem. Je to malichern\u00e9. <\/p>\n
\n“Je to m\u011blk\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d t\u0159esen\u00ed dos\u00e1hlo nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b v japonsk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku.” <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
Stupnice USGS (seismick\u00e1 intenzita) dosahuje \u00farovn\u011b 7. Toto zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed vyvrcholilo t\u011bsn\u011b pod hust\u011b obydlenou oblast\u00ed. <\/p>\n
Geofyzik Allen Hasker poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed bylo kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9. Pokud by tato energie byla uvoln\u011bna bl\u00ed\u017ee k subduk\u010dn\u00ed z\u00f3n\u011b \u2013 hloub\u011bji, d\u00e1le od m\u011bst \u2013 dopad by byl mnohem slab\u0161\u00ed. Tady r\u00e1na zas\u00e1hla p\u0159\u00edmo c\u00edl. Doslova. <\/p>\n
Mal\u00e1 hloubka vysv\u011btluje z\u0159\u00edcen\u00e9 budovy a mosty. Intenzita nem\u011bla \u010das polevit, ne\u017e dos\u00e1hla hladiny. <\/p>\n
Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s rokem 2016: Harbingers of Kumamoto<\/h2>\n
Nen\u00ed to poprv\u00e9, co Kumamoto trp\u011bl. <\/p>\n
V roce 2016 regionem ot\u0159\u00e1sla \u0159ada n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch smrt\u00edc\u00edch ot\u0159es\u016f. Tak\u00e9 v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9. Zas\u00e1hla tak\u00e9 stejn\u00e1 m\u011bsta. Ale po\u0159ad\u00ed bylo jin\u00e9. <\/p>\n
Katastrofa v roce 2016 za\u010dala \u0161okem o s\u00edle 6,2. Pot\u00e9, asi o 36 hodin pozd\u011bji, do\u0161lo na dal\u0161\u00ed poru\u0161e k ot\u0159esu o s\u00edle 7,0. Nikdo nep\u0159edv\u00eddal vzhled tohoto druh\u00e9ho \u201emonstra\u201c. <\/p>\n
Dne\u0161n\u00ed ot\u0159es o s\u00edle 6,8 nem\u011bl \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 takov\u00e9 p\u0159edch\u016fdce. Jednalo se o jedinou ud\u00e1lost velk\u00e9ho rozsahu. Carrera-Cevallos si v\u0161ak v\u0161\u00edm\u00e1 podobnost\u00ed v mechanice chyb. <\/p>\n
\n“Hlavn\u00ed rozd\u00edl je v tom, co se stane d\u00e1l.” <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
Co bude d\u00e1l, nev\u00edme. Zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed jsou notoricky nep\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e1. Jeden den ticha neznamen\u00e1 bezpe\u010d\u00ed. <\/p>\n
Pro\u010d jsou m\u00edstn\u00ed poruchy no\u010dn\u00ed m\u016frou in\u017een\u00fdr\u016f<\/h2>\n
Tato ud\u00e1lost odhaluje chybu v na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edstupu ke stavb\u011b.<\/p>\n
Navrhujeme budovy s ohledem na subduk\u010dn\u00ed zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed. Velk\u00e9, hlubok\u00e9, vzd\u00e1len\u00e9. Po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me s dlouh\u00fdmi vlnami. <\/p>\n
Lok\u00e1ln\u00ed poruchy na\u0161e modely ignoruj\u00ed. <\/p>\n
Carrera-Cevallos zd\u016fraz\u0148uje kritick\u00fd probl\u00e9m ve stavebn\u00edm in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed. M\u00edstn\u00ed z\u00e1vady jsou \u010detn\u00e9. Jsou \u0161patn\u011b srozumiteln\u00e9 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s velk\u00fdmi subduk\u010dn\u00edmi z\u00f3nami. Zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed v\u0161ak siln\u00e9 vrcholov\u00e9 zrychlen\u00ed zem\u011b. <\/p>\n
Bl\u00ed\u017ee ke zdroji. <\/p>\n
Jedn\u00e1 se o vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed vibrace. Ty, kv\u016fli kter\u00fdm drkotaj\u00ed zuby a ni\u010d\u00ed budovy bez vyztu\u017een\u00ed. Star\u00e9 budovy Kumamota padly za ob\u011b\u0165 t\u00e9to konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed frekvenci. <\/p>\n
To je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd probl\u00e9m. Jak m\u016f\u017eete zmapovat ka\u017edou malou trhlinu v zemi? Je to zak\u00e1z\u00e1no. Mus\u00edme p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat nejhor\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159. <\/p>\n
\n“Toto je seismicky aktivn\u00ed oblast, ale ud\u00e1losti tohoto charakteru n\u00e1m p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed detaily, kter\u00fdm st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b \u00fapln\u011b nerozum\u00edme.” <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
I s pokro\u010dil\u00fdmi monitorovac\u00edmi syst\u00e9my mohou b\u00fdt tektonick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9. St\u0159edojaponsk\u00e1 tektonick\u00e1 linie je dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00e1. Graben je zmapov\u00e1n. Ale interakce? P\u0159esn\u00fd okam\u017eik uvoln\u011bn\u00ed energie poruchou v hloubce 10 kilometr\u016f? <\/p>\n
Z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nep\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e1. <\/p>\n
V \u010d\u00e1stech Kumamota st\u00e1le ho\u0159\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ry. Z\u00e1chrann\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce pokra\u010duj\u00ed. Zem\u011b je tam unaven\u00e1. Ale desky se st\u00e1le h\u00fdbou. Tla\u010d\u00ed. T\u00e1hnou. Posouvaj\u00ed se. <\/p>\n
\u010cek\u00e1n\u00ed na dal\u0161\u00ed pokles nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
V \u00fater\u00fd ot\u0159\u00e1sl ostrovem Kj\u00fa\u0161\u00fa ot\u0159es o s\u00edle 6,8 stupn\u011b. Epicentrum se nach\u00e1zelo ji\u017en\u011b od m\u011bsta Kumamoto. Nebyl to jen ot\u0159es mozku \u2013 byla to katastrofick\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost. Vypukly po\u017e\u00e1ry, silnice se podlomily a budovy se z\u0159\u00edtily, v\u010detn\u011b n\u00e1kupn\u00edho centra, kde se nyn\u00ed z\u00e1chran\u00e1\u0159i brod\u00ed sutinami a hledaj\u00ed lidi. Co p\u0159esn\u011b zp\u016fsobilo tuto destrukci? Tohle nebyla […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7973,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"wpm_language_slugs":{"cs":"velikost-68-proc-zemetreseni-znicilo-kumamoto","de":"warum-ein-beben-der-starke-68-kumamoto-erschutterte","en":"why-a-magnitude-68-quake-shattered-kumamoto-fault-lines-shallow-depths","es":"por-que-un-terremoto-de-magnitud-68-destrozo-kumamoto-fallas-poca","fr":"pourquoi-un-seisme-de-magnitude-68-a-detruit-kumamoto-lignes-de","id":"mengapa-gempa-berkekuatan-68-sr-menghancurkan-kumamoto-garis-patahan","it":"perche-un-terremoto-di-magnitudo-68-ha-distrutto-kumamoto-linee-di","nl":"waarom-een-aardbeving-met-een-kracht-van-68-kumamoto-verbrijzelde","pl":"wielkosc-68-dlaczego-trzesienie-ziemi-zniszczylo-kumamoto","pt":"por-que-um-terremoto-de-magnitude-68-destruiu-kumamoto-linhas-de-falha","ru-ru":"magnituda-68-pochemu-zemletrjasenie-razrushilo-kumamoto","uk-ua":"magnituda-68-chomu-zemletrus-zrujnuvav-kumamoto"},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7974"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7974"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7974\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7973"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7974"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7974"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7974"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}