{"id":8073,"date":"2026-08-30T02:07:47","date_gmt":"2026-08-29T23:07:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/jak-dzherzi-najman-stvoriv-suchasnu-statistiku\/"},"modified":"2026-08-30T02:07:47","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T23:07:47","slug":"jak-dzherzi-najman-stvoriv-suchasnu-statistiku","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/jak-jerzy-nyman-vytvarel-moderni-statistiky\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak Jerzy Nyman vytv\u00e1\u0159el modern\u00ed statistiky"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jerzy Nyman byl v\u00edc ne\u017e jen matematik. Byl architektem pravidel, kter\u00e1 dnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me k testov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1pad\u016f. Narodil se v Bendery, m\u011bst\u011b v modern\u00edm Moldavsku, narodil se 16. dubna 1894. Zem\u0159el 5. srpna 1981 v Oaklandu v Kalifornii. Jeho \u017eivot zahrnoval Ruskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 Polsko a nakonec Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty. <\/p>\n

Mluvil polsky. Pracoval v ru\u0161tin\u011b. Pak jsem p\u0159e\u0161el na angli\u010dtinu. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm t\u011bchto p\u0159echod\u016f pomohl vytvo\u0159it teorii statistick\u00e9ho testov\u00e1n\u00ed hypot\u00e9z<\/strong>. To nejsou such\u00e9 akademick\u00e9 term\u00edny. To je z\u00e1klad modern\u00ed v\u011bdy. Bez jeho konceptu bychom nev\u011bd\u011bli, jak ur\u010dit, zda funguje nov\u00e1 droga nebo zda existuje planeta. <\/p>\n

V roce 1968 americk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da tento vliv uznala. To mu ud\u011blilo National Medal of Science. Bylo to odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed uzn\u00e1n\u00ed pro mu\u017ee, kter\u00fd se z vyr\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed v polsky mluv\u00edc\u00ed rodin\u011b v Besar\u00e1bii stal \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed postavou americk\u00e9ho akademick\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. <\/p>\n

Z Charkova do Berkeley<\/h3>\n

Nymanova ran\u00e1 kari\u00e9ra byla mapou politick\u00fdch zm\u011bn. V letech 1917 a\u017e 1921 p\u016fsobil jako lektor na Technologick\u00e9m institutu v Charkov\u011b na Ukrajin\u011b. Sv\u011bt se m\u011bnil. \u0158\u00ed\u0161e se zhroutily. <\/p>\n

P\u0159est\u011bhoval se do Polska. Tam pracoval jako statistik na Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9m \u00fastavu v Bydho\u0161ti. V roce 1923 vyu\u010doval na Vysok\u00e9 \u0161kole zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 ve Var\u0161av\u011b. V roce 1928 ho Var\u0161avsk\u00e1 univerzita p\u0159ijala do sv\u00fdch zam\u011bstnanc\u016f. Budoval si reputaci. <\/p>\n

N\u00e1sledoval p\u0159esun do Lond\u00fdna. Od roku 1934 do roku 1938 byl \u010dlenem University College. Ale v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 mra\u010dna se bl\u00ed\u017eila. Emigroval do Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. <\/p>\n

Volala Kalifornie. Nastoupil na fakultu Kalifornsk\u00e9 univerzity v Berkeley. Tohle byl zlom. Nenastoupil jen tak na odd\u011blen\u00ed. Reformoval to. V roce 1955 se stal p\u0159edsedou nov\u00e9ho odboru statistiky. <\/p>\n

\n

“V Berkeley vytvo\u0159il… to, co se stalo zn\u00e1m\u00fdm jako p\u0159edn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 centrum pro matematickou statistiku.” <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

P\u0159itahoval statistiky a matematiky. U\u010dili se od n\u011bj. Studovali jeho metody. Legend\u00e1rn\u00ed se stala symposia o teorii pravd\u011bpodobnosti a statistice. Byli mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00ed. P\u0159itahovaly ty nejlep\u0161\u00ed mozky v oboru. Nyman neu\u010dil jen statistiku. Vytvo\u0159il t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011b. <\/p>\n

Pro\u010d je testov\u00e1n\u00ed hypot\u00e9z d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9<\/h3>\n

Co je tedy testov\u00e1n\u00ed hypot\u00e9z<\/strong>? Podle toho se rozhodujeme, zda je n\u011bco skute\u010dn\u00e9 nebo jen \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. <\/p>\n

Nymanova pr\u00e1ce zahrnuje hodnocen\u00ed a testov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nevn\u00edmal je jako odd\u011blen\u00e9 v\u011bci. Kombinoval teorii s aplikac\u00ed. Tohle byl jeho charakteristick\u00fd styl. Necht\u011bl matematiku, kter\u00e1 by z\u016fstala ve slonovin\u011b. Cht\u011bl ji v laborato\u0159i. V ter\u00e9nu. <\/p>\n

Kde se to projevuje?
\n– Genetika. Pochopen\u00ed toho, jak se p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed vlastnosti.
\n– L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 diagnostika. Rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, zda p\u0159\u00edznak nazna\u010duje onemocn\u011bn\u00ed.
\n– Astronomie. Detekce sign\u00e1l\u016f v \u0161umu.
\n– Meteorologie. P\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f po\u010das\u00ed.
\n– Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 pokusy. Kontrola, kter\u00e1 plodina roste nejl\u00e9pe. <\/p>\n

Ud\u011blal statistiku praktickou. Uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee matematika m\u016f\u017ee odpov\u00eddat na ot\u00e1zky re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. To je d\u016fvod, pro\u010d studenti a v\u011bdci<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jerzy Nyman byl v\u00edc ne\u017e jen matematik. Byl architektem pravidel, kter\u00e1 dnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me k testov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1pad\u016f. Narodil se v Bendery, m\u011bst\u011b v modern\u00edm Moldavsku, narodil se 16. dubna 1894. Zem\u0159el 5. srpna 1981 v Oaklandu v Kalifornii. Jeho \u017eivot zahrnoval Ruskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 Polsko a nakonec Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty. Mluvil polsky. Pracoval v ru\u0161tin\u011b. Pak jsem […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8061,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[],"wpm_language_slugs":{"cs":"jak-jerzy-nyman-vytvarel-moderni-statistiky","de":"wie-jerzy-neyman-die-moderne-statistikwissenschaft-aufbaute","en":"how-jerzy-neyman-built-modern-statistical-science","es":"como-construyo-jerzy-neyman-la-ciencia-estadistica-moderna","fr":"comment-jerzy-neyman-a-construit-la-science-statistique-moderne","id":"bagaimana-jerzy-neyman-membangun-ilmu-statistik-modern","it":"come-jerzy-neyman-ha-costruito-la-scienza-statistica-moderna","nl":"hoe-jerzy-neyman-de-moderne-statistische-wetenschap-bouwde","pl":"jak-jerzy-nyman-tworzyl-nowoczesna-statystyke","pt":"como-jerzy-neyman-construiu-a-ciencia-estatistica-moderna","ru-ru":"kak-dzherzi-najman-sozdal-sovremennuju-statistiku","uk-ua":"jak-dzherzi-najman-stvoriv-suchasnu-statistiku"},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8073"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8073"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8073\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8061"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8073"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8073"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8073"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}