Paolo Ruffini byl italsk\u00fd matematik a l\u00e9ka\u0159, kter\u00fd \u017eil v letech 1765 a\u017e 1822. Jeho pr\u00e1ce byla odv\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm krokem: byl prvn\u00edm, kdo v\u00e1\u017en\u011b tvrdil, \u017ee obecnou rovnici p\u00e1t\u00e9ho stupn\u011b nelze vy\u0159e\u0161it pomoc\u00ed standardn\u00edch algebraick\u00fdch metod. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee rovnice, ve kter\u00fdch je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mocnina prom\u011bnn\u00e9 p\u011bt, nelze \u0159e\u0161it pomoc\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch vzorc\u016f. Jeho my\u0161lenky polo\u017eily ran\u00fd z\u00e1klad modern\u00ed algebraick\u00e9 teorie grup. <\/p>\n
Ruffini se narodil ve Valentano. Toto m\u011bsto bylo v t\u00e9 dob\u011b sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed pape\u017esk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Jeho rodina se p\u0159est\u011bhovala do Reggio Emilia pobl\u00ed\u017e Modeny v It\u00e1lii. Bylo mu tehdy je\u0161t\u011b necel\u00fdch osmn\u00e1ct let. <\/p>\n
V roce 1783 vstoupil na univerzitu v Moden\u011b. Rychle se pohnul vp\u0159ed. Je\u0161t\u011b jako student vedl kurz p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ek o z\u00e1kladech anal\u00fdzy. Tento kurz se konal v akademick\u00e9m roce 1787\u20131788. V roce 1788 z\u00edskal tituly z filozofie, medic\u00edny a matematiky. Na podzim p\u0159ijal st\u00e1l\u00e9 m\u00edsto profesora matematiky na t\u00e9\u017ee univerzit\u011b. <\/p>\n
V roce 1791 tak\u00e9 z\u00edskal licenci k v\u00fdkonu l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 praxe od l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9ho soudu College of Modena. <\/p>\n
Politick\u00e1 situace se zm\u011bnila v roce 1796. Napoleon Bonaparte dobyl Modenu. Ruffini byl jmenov\u00e1n z\u00e1stupcem. Slou\u017eil v Rad\u011b mlad\u0161\u00edch \u010dlen\u016f Cisalpinsk\u00e9 republiky, kter\u00e1 zahrnovala Bologna, Emilia, Lombardie a Modena. <\/p>\n
Po\u010d\u00e1tkem roku 1798 se vr\u00e1til k akademick\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Narazil v\u0161ak na p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku: odm\u00edtl slo\u017eit ob\u010danskou p\u0159\u00edsahu v\u011brnosti z n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f. Nov\u00e1 republika mu zak\u00e1zala u\u010dit a odep\u0159ela mu p\u0159\u00edstup do vl\u00e1dn\u00edch funkc\u00ed. <\/p>\n
Nep\u0159estal pracovat. M\u00edsto toho se dal na l\u00e9ka\u0159skou praxi. Pokra\u010doval ve sv\u00fdch matematick\u00fdch studi\u00edch a pracoval a\u017e do Napoleonovy por\u00e1\u017eky v roce 1814. Pot\u00e9 se Ruffini natrvalo vr\u00e1til na univerzitu v Moden\u011b. Stal se rektorem a udr\u017eel si sv\u00e9 pozice profesora matematiky a medic\u00edny. <\/p>\n
Ruffiniho hlavn\u00edm p\u0159\u00ednosem pro v\u011bdu je d\u016fkaz ne\u0159e\u0161itelnosti obecn\u00e9 rovnice p\u00e1t\u00e9ho stupn\u011b<\/strong>. Jeho pr\u00e1ce vych\u00e1zela z my\u0161lenek Josepha-Louise Lagrange, italsko-francouzsk\u00e9ho matematika. Ruffini studoval souvislosti mezi koeficienty a permutacemi. Sv\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky publikoval v roce 1799.<\/p>\n Akademick\u00e1 obec zprvu nad\u0161en\u00e1 nebyla. Jeho prvn\u00ed d\u016fkaz byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nedostate\u010dn\u00fd. P\u0159epracoval d\u016fkaz a publikoval novou verzi v roce 1813. K tomu diskutoval o sv\u00fdch my\u0161lenk\u00e1ch s n\u011bkolika v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi matematiky. <\/p>\n I tato upraven\u00e1 verze vyvolala skepsi. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed matematici z\u016fstali na pochyb\u00e1ch. Pot\u00e9 zas\u00e1hl Augustin-Louis Cauchy, p\u0159edn\u00ed francouzsk\u00fd matematik t\u00e9 doby. Schvaloval Ruffiniho pr\u00e1ci. <\/p>\n \u00dapln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsnosti d\u016fkazu bylo dosa\u017eeno pozd\u011bji. V roce 1824 vydal norsk\u00fd matematik Niels Henrik Abel dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkaz. Jeho pr\u00e1ce nakonec tento v\u00fdsledek potvrdila. Ruffiniho p\u0159\u00ednos byl v\u0161ak velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd, proto\u017ee polo\u017eil z\u00e1klad. <\/p>\n Cauchy pou\u017eil tento z\u00e1klad pro v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed studie. Evariste Galois, kter\u00fd \u017eil v letech 1811 a\u017e 1832, ud\u011blal tot\u00e9\u017e. Spole\u010dn\u011b tito matematici vedli k t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u00fapln\u00e9mu pochopen\u00ed podm\u00ednek \u0159e\u0161itelnosti pro polynomi\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnice.<\/p>\n Ruffini uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 probl\u00e9my nemaj\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Dok\u00e1zal to navzdory skepsi ostatn\u00edch. Pokra\u010doval v pr\u00e1ci, p\u0159ekon\u00e1val politick\u00e9 z\u00e1kazy a akademick\u00e9 pochybnosti. Tento v\u00fdsledek z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm momentem v historii algebry.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Paolo Ruffini byl italsk\u00fd matematik a l\u00e9ka\u0159, kter\u00fd \u017eil v letech 1765 a\u017e 1822. Jeho pr\u00e1ce byla odv\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm krokem: byl prvn\u00edm, kdo v\u00e1\u017en\u011b tvrdil, \u017ee obecnou rovnici p\u00e1t\u00e9ho stupn\u011b nelze vy\u0159e\u0161it pomoc\u00ed standardn\u00edch algebraick\u00fdch metod. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee rovnice, ve kter\u00fdch je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed mocnina prom\u011bnn\u00e9 p\u011bt, nelze \u0159e\u0161it pomoc\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch vzorc\u016f. Jeho my\u0161lenky polo\u017eily ran\u00fd […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[],"wpm_language_slugs":{"cs":"paolo-ruffini-muz-ktery-dokazal-neresitelnost-rovnic-pateho-stupne","de":"paolo-ruffini-der-mann-der-die-unlosung-quintischer-gleichungen-bewies","en":"paolo-ruffini-the-man-who-proved-quintic-equations-unsolved","es":"paolo-ruffini-el-hombre-que-demostro-que-las-ecuaciones-quinticas-no","fr":"paolo-ruffini-lhomme-qui-a-prouve-que-les-equations-quintiques-etaient","id":"paolo-ruffini-orang-yang-membuktikan-persamaan-quintic-belum","it":"paolo-ruffini-luomo-che-dimostro-le-equazioni-quintiche-irrisolte","nl":"paolo-ruffini-de-man-die-bewees-dat-quintic-vergelijkingen","pl":"paolo-ruffini-czlowiek-ktory-udowodnil-nierozwiazywalnosc-rownan","pt":"paolo-ruffini-o-homem-que-provou-equacoes-quinticas-nao-resolvidas","ru-ru":"paolo-ruffini-chelovek-dokazavshij-nerazreshimost-uravnenij-pjatoj","uk-ua":"paolo-ruffini-ljudina-jaka-dovela-nerozvjaznist-rivnjan-pjatogo"},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8174"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8174"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8174\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8174"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8174"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.schooler.org.ua\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8174"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}D\u011bdictv\u00ed postaven\u00e9 na vytrvalosti<\/h3>\n